Reliabilities for (n,f, k (i,j)) and ⟨n,f, k (i,j)⟩ Systems

The (n,f,k(i,j)):F(? n,f,k(i,j)?:F) system consists of n components ordered in a line or circle, while the system fails if, and only if, there exist at least f failed components OR (AND) at least k consecutive failed components among components i,i + 1,…,j ? 1,j. In this article, we present the system reliability formulae for these systems with product of matrices by means of a two-stage finite Markov chain imbedding approach, a technique first used by Cui et al. (2002 Cui , L. R. , Kuo , W. , Xie , M. ( 2002 ). On (f,g)-out-of-((i,j),n) systems and its reliability . In: Third International Conference on Mathematical Methods in Reliability Methodology and Practice , June 17–20 , Norway , Trondheim , pp. 173 – 176 . [Google Scholar]). In addition, their dual systems, denoted by (n,f,k(i,j)):G and ? n,f,k(i,j)?:G, are also introduced. Two numerical examples are given to illustrate the results.     

沈括《守令图》与荣县《守令图》关系探原

北宋大科学家沈括曾经编绘了一套高水平的全国地图《 守令图》，宋末即已失传，而１９６４年四川荣县发现的北宋宣和《守令图》碑刻，其底图来源 迄今不详。本文探讨了两者的关系，认为沈括《守令图》的传绘本就是宣和《守令图》的最 早底图，只要将宣和《守令图》作一定处理，一幅失传８００年的精品地图可望重现人间！     

The risk of under-insurance in the Finnish statutory pension scheme for self-employed workers: A trajectory analysis

Using unique data on the contribution base, we investigate under-insurance within the statutory pension scheme for self-employed workers in Finland. Under-insurance is defined as the difference between pension-declared income and tax-declared income. The trajectory modelling technique applied has allowed us to estimate the levels of under-insurance for different subgroups and to identify possible explanatory factors. Under-insurance is found to be persistent and large. The analysis reveals six distinctive and homogenous sub-groups of self-employed workers. Close to 84 per cent of these workers pay too little in contributions, often leading to inadequate protection against personal risks. Especially for lower-income self-employed workers, this points to myopic behaviour as regards contributing to the self-employed statutory pension scheme and calls for fine-tuned economic incentives.     

The PAYG system and the optimal redistribution instrument in an overlapping generation model

Using a two‐period overlapping generation (OLG) model, this article seeks to identify the optimal redistribution policy instrument in terms of aggregate welfare when agents differ according to their labour condition. We use five policy specifications: (i) early redistribution to the young informal generation; (ii) late redistribution to the informal old generation; (iii) a mix between early and late redistribution; (iv) redistribution from the current formal young generation to the current formal old one; and (v) a non‐redistribution scenario. With inelastic labour supply, we show that transferring to the young performs better as a redistribution policy. This result is robust across different parameter values.     

Contributions‐financed cash benefits: Selected examples of tiered pension systems

This article addresses the link between pensions and occupational earnings using the example of social security contributions in selected OECD countries. The rules of the pension schemes studied point towards a very strong link between occupational earnings and pension level. However, certain pension calculation methods, through pension calculation parameters or through the existence of tools to compensate for certain career discontinuities, may distort this link in the majority of the countries studied. Therefore, the examination of pension calculation parameters and of solidarity measures attached to retirement is necessary to provide a more finely‐tuned evaluation of the link between occupational earnings and pension level. Ultimately, comparison of pension systems across countries remains challenging given their specificities.     

Implementation challenges for seafarers’ social security protection: The case of the European Union

In a world of competing flag States and short-term employment, enjoying the benefits provided by a social security system is a difficult, if not impossible, task for many seafarers. The Maritime Labour Convention, 2006, has abandoned the flag State principle in favour of the residence principle for that reason. This article addresses the implementation challenges of this approach by examining the European Union case, and highlights the advantages of the residence principle in terms of administrative efficiency and effectiveness, enhanced coordination between social security contributions and personal income tax in cross-border situations, and better use of State aid measures.     

Identification of public objectives related to agricultural sector support

The Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) is a widely debated policy in terms of both its budget and its instruments. In order to serve the citizens of Europe properly, CAP requires optimal identification of the public objectives desired. This paper aims to analyse the relative weights that citizens assign to the various potential objectives of the CAP and to show how these can be used to improve the selection of policy instruments. As a means of identifying social preferences we used the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) technique on a population sample in Castilla y León (Spain). Results show how the current policy decision process lacks mechanisms capable of identifying social preferences and thus leading to the choice of sub-optimal policies.     

后现代社会的 SPA 生活体验———基于符号消费的视角

在后现代社会,消费方式体现着社会关系和社会区别,商品被用来标识社会差异,并扮演着沟通者的角色。消费文化本身就是经济行动嵌入社会结构的体现。文章通过分析SPA生活体验这一消费活动与小资的阶层特性之间的关系,进而揭示消费活动中所蕴含的阶层区别,从这一具体案例中探究经济行动是如何被社会所定位,嵌入社会关系网络之中的。     

生命心理学研究论纲——兼论西方心理学的困境及其可能出路

西方心理学是以机械论,即人的心灵是一架机器为哲学基础建立的。这种机械论在其整个发展过程中导致了一系列严重问题。心理学界认识到了这些问题,并且认为西方心理学自身可以解决这些问题。我们认为,西方心理学的问题是其发展理念导致的,因此必须进行理念的重新定位和发展框架的结构性调整,以生命心理学取而代之。生命心理学的核心理念是人的心灵不是一架机器而是有生命的,并以生命论为哲学基础,以期建构全部心理学,即全人的和全人类的心理学。     

Main Challenges and Strategic Countermeasures for China's Green Economy Development

This paper anaIyzed necessity,main challenges and strategic countermeasures for green economy development in China. The conclusions included that china achieves an excellent economic performance through undertaking international industrial transfer in the past 20 years,however,which also brings China heavy environmental costs, and the 20 years of undertaking international industry transfer is also the Process of undertaking international transfer of natural resources consumption and environmental pollution. At present,China has become the country of highest ecological overload and environmental risk in the world,and also lost the international competitiveness of traditional industries, and China is facing unprecedented pressure of economic transformation.There are some advantages for China's green economic transformation, such as, huge domestic demands,abundant civil capital, etc.,but the challenges faced are serious as well. Overall, China needs to break through three vital barriers. First, China is still at the stage of mid—industrialization and urbanization and the huge demands for traditional industry willcontinue for 10~15 years; second,the domestic market development for new green industry is too slow under the influence of market monopoly by traditional energy industry and limited green technology innovating capacity; third, the elements of land,water and mineral are undervalued,and environmental damage free of enterprises production cost.In the future,China should foster and expand green industries based on domestic demands,and then strive for competitive advantages in the international market. To establish a favorable institutional environment is crucial for China's green transition and policy-making should focus on:(1) establishing forced-mechanism for traditional industries upgrading and incentive mechanism for emerging green industries developing, and prioritizing total factor productivity in economic achievement evaluation system;(2) Promoting integration of emerging cities and strategic emerging industries;(3) enhancing competitiveness of emerging industries in global market by adopting the pattern of to innovate technology—form patent—establish standards—guide market;(4) establishing green consumption pattern in whole society.