n维Euclid空间中的平行体及其体积

将几何空间中的立体及其体积概念推广到n维Euclid空间中,利用向量对子空间的正交投影分解给出了平行体的计算公式和一系列性质,并将其应用于行列式的计算,得到相应的性质。     

《老子》楚简本、帛书本、通行本比较研究

识 ,甲本德篇的圆点就是这种标志的残留。随着经过编辑的《老子》文本在社会上的广泛流传 ,篇章之间的聚合力不断加强 ,而标志符号的作用却不断减弱 ,直到最后完全取消 ,好象这些篇章本来就连在一起似的 ,这是一个合于逻辑的发展过程。帛甲本中标志符号的使用情况说明 ,当时社会上流传的《老子》正处于有标识文本向无标识文本的过渡阶段。帛乙抄录于帛甲之后 ,其间已没有任何标志符号 ,说明《老子》编辑成书的过程已经完成。书中原来存留的标志篇章编次组合的符号 ,也已完成其使命而不再抄录于文本当中。随着社会的发展 ,这种没有任何标志的…     

以文字为据看女性的社会角色

借助于和女性相关汉字的考察,说明女性的社会角色。     

诚信规范的认识原因

从认识原因考察诚信问题 ,诚信的规范要求是由于存在着信息的不对称性 ,名与实、言与行的可分离性 ,假与真的可混淆性。在目标与可能不匹配的情况下 ,会产生造假的压力。由于未来是不确定的 ,就要用约定的形式给未来一个确定。交往的重复性有利于诚信的发生。诚信也是一种博弈的产物。     

摩尼教帕提亚语赞美组诗《胡亚达曼》译释

《胡亚达曼》是帕提亚语的赞美组诗,是摩尼教的重要文书之一,百年之前发现于中国新疆吐鲁番地区。本文将帕提亚语的组诗及其粟特语和突厥语的若干译文残片译成汉文,并对某些关键和重要词汇作出详细的解释或辨析,大体上展示了组诗的内容结构和文化因素。     

Global–regional interaction to extend access to social protection for migrant workers: Insights from ASEAN and MERCOSUR

Universal access to social protection for migrant workers is emerging as a problematic issue in the implementation of free movement regimes at a regional level. This article focuses on the concept of regional governance as a possible mechanism to address the unsolved challenges of social security regimes to extend coverage. To this end, the article looks at current legal developments in two regional projects (ASEAN and MERCOSUR) to identify a creative approach to strengthen the development of national floors of social protection. The interest of using these case studies lies in exploring whether the regional integration process can play a major role in the progressive extension of social protection rights to migrant workers by facilitating the adoption of social security agreements.     

A “Swedish” actuarial balance for a notional defined contribution pension scheme with disability and minimum pension benefits

This article proposes a “Swedish” type actuarial balance sheet (ABS) for a notional defined contribution (NDC) scheme with disability and minimum pension benefits. The proposed ABS splits the pension system in two parts: the pure NDC part and the redistributive part, which includes the assets and liabilities originating from non‐contributory rights. The article contains a numerical example that sheds light on the real applicability of our proposal. The model has practical implications that could be of interest to policy‐makers, given that it integrates actuarial and social aspects of public pensions and discloses the real cost of redistribution through minimum pensions.     

The Brazilian pension model: The pending agenda

To achieve national goals defined by the 1988 Brazilian Federal Constitution, cash benefits alone are insufficient in the absence of more robust social services to reduce inequalities and improve social cohesion. The Constitution, albeit of national importance and international significance, has not addressed many institutional and administrative weaknesses in the design of the national pension system. Although coverage has been increased and inequality reduced, these measures are not sufficient. Brazil's ambitions to further develop social policies (and, indeed, to live up to its accorded international status as a social policy leader) may be constrained by an over‐reliance on conditional cash transfers such as those provided under the Bolsa Família programme. Brazil faces a major political‐economy challenge in addressing all these issues because the policy reform process is difficult, and, more importantly, because of the embedded role of vested interests. Moreover, Brazil must tackle these issues in the face of growing fiscal pressures, which could weaken the current political legitimacy of social policy and undermine important recent successes.     

An actuarial balance sheet of the Swiss old‐age pension scheme

Following the recent update of the international System of National Accounts (2008 SNA), internationally comparable estimates of accrued‐to‐date pension liabilities (ADL) of unfunded social security pension schemes will soon be available in the supplementary table to the National Accounts. Against this background, this article analyzes the medium‐term sustainability of the Swiss old‐age pension scheme (Alters‐ und Hinterlassenenversicherung – AHV). This is achieved by estimating a “Swedish” actuarial balance sheet, which compares pension liabilities with the explicit and implicit assets of the pension scheme. Our results show that the current financing of the AHV is unsustainable, with about 30 per cent of the liabilities not backed by corresponding assets. In order to close this financing gap either the contribution rate should rise from 8.4 per cent to 12 per cent or all pension liabilities should be cut by about 38 per cent.     

Second‐pillar pensions in Central and Eastern Europe: Payment constraints and exit options

During 1998–2007, a majority of Central and Eastern European (CEE) governments enacted laws obligating workers to save for retirement in privately managed individual accounts. The governments funded these accounts with a portion of public pension revenues, thus creating or increasing deficits in public systems. After the onset of the global financial and economic crisis (2008), most CEE governments reduced these funding diversions and scaled back the accounts. Now, a decade after the crisis, this article examines the benefits that the accounts are beginning to pay retiring workers. In general, these benefits are shown to be disadvantageous compared with public pensions. Some pay lump sums in lieu of regular monthly benefits, most fail to adjust pensions regularly for inflation, and some pay women less than men with equal account balances. In several countries, pensioners with individual accounts receive lower benefits than those without them. To enable retiring workers to avoid these disadvantages, several CEE governments have allowed them to refund their account balances and receive full public pensions. Yet while this strategy diffuses worker dissatisfaction, it also places strains on public pension finance. To assist second‐pillar account holders without weakening public pensions, governments should consider making private pension savings voluntary and financing these schemes independently of public pensions – i.e. by worker and employer contributions and, possibly, direct state support.