Mesure des effets sur l'emploi des échanges de biens intermédiaires et de produits finis

La croissance des échanges de biens intermédiaires et de services a compliqué la relation entre commerce et division du travail à l'échelle internationale. Pour trente‐neuf pays, l'auteur décompose les effets du commerce sur l'emploi selon leur origine: 1) exportations; 2) importations; 3) part des importations dans les exportations; 4) part des exportations dans les importations; 5) part des importations de pays tiers dans les importations. En 2009, quelque 88 millions d'emplois étaient imputables aux échanges de biens intermédiaires – 14 pour cent des emplois découlant des échanges –, tandis que la part des importations dans les exportations représentait 44 millions d'emplois.     

Monopoly Versioning of Information Goods When Consumers Have Group Tastes

Large sunk costs of development, negligible costs of reproduction, and distribution resulting in economies of scale distinguish information goods from physical goods. Versioning is a way firms may take advantage of these properties. However, in a baseline model where consumers differ in their tastes for quality, an information goods monopolist only offers one version, and this differs from what we observe in practice. We explore formulations that add features to the baseline model that result in a monopolist offering multiple versions. We examine versioning where consumers differ in individual tastes for quality, and groups of consumers that share the same group taste are delineated by segments of individual tastes. We find that if groups have mutually exclusive characteristics—a horizontal dimension—that they value relative to the shared characteristics, then versioning is optimal. Consequently, any horizontal differentiation in product line design favors versioning. In addition, when group tastes are hierarchical such that higher taste groups value characteristics that lower taste groups value but not vice versa—a vertical dimension—as long as the valuations of the higher and adjacent lower taste group are sufficiently close, then versioning is also optimal. Our conditions, which also help determine how many versions are optimal, are based on exogenously defined parameters so that it is feasible to check them in practice.     

知情交易度量的 Lévy 跳方法及实证研究

金融市场中存在着由私有信息推动的知情交易,其具有行为复杂、甄别困难等特性。本文以股票价格序列的 Lévy 跳为工具揭示交易价格的异常波动,从而测度这一较为特殊的交易情况。基于 Lévy 跳跃程度的度量方法和知情交易概率 PIN 模型,文章研究了股票价格的跳跃异常程度与股票交易的 PIN 值之间的相关性情况,发现两者之间具有显著的相关关系,并通过事件研究进一步支持了跳跃程度可以在一定程度上度量知情交易的假设。于此同时,给出了跳跃程度异常系数的计算方法,用以在实践中度量跳跃的异常程度,为知情交易的监管等提供了另一种工具上的选择。     

考虑消费者细分的网购拼单机制研究

本文提供理论模型分析网购拼单机制分别给销售者和消费者带来的影响,为销售者(消费者)的抉择提供参考。研究结果显示,当拼单价格和正常价格均很低时,销售者(消费者)无动机实施(参与)拼单机制。但随着正常价格的提高,拼单机制的营利能力(消费者剩余)会不断增大,进而激励销售者(消费者)实施(参与)拼单机制,并有会将低估价类型消费者驱逐出市场。这一结果从另一个方面反映了拼单机制的最终目标不是为了迎合低估价类型的消费者,而是为了吸引高估价类型的消费者参与交易。进一步地,在拼单机制有效实施的情形下,最优拼单数量、最优期望收益均与两种类型消费者估值比例密切相关。所以,在实施拼单机制过程中,应该有意识地对消费者进行细分,并挖掘不同类型消费者的私人信息,从而制定有效的拼单策略。     

A unicriterion analysis based on the PROMETHEE principles for multicriteria ordered clustering

We consider multicriteria clustering problems where the groups are defined by a total order. We assume that the pairwise comparisons between the alternatives are expressed by a valued preference model built by PROMETHEE. In order to analyze the characteristics of each cluster on the different criteria, we propose three concepts based on the PROMETHEE principles: the preference profile of a cluster, the similarity profile of a cluster and the inconsistency profile of a cluster. These notions are illustrated based on a real application on the supplier segmentation.     

焕新计划下考虑消费者细分的产品定价策略

焕新计划是生产商为提升自身竞争优势而推出的一种促销手段，加入焕新计划的消费者在第一阶段可以享受全方位服务，在第二阶段可以享受以旧换新抵扣优惠。消费者将权衡加入焕新计划的费用、服务水平以及抵扣力度等因素决策是否在第一阶段加入焕新计划。本文假设时尚型消费者每阶段都会购买最新产品，而节俭型消费者第一阶段购买产品后在第二阶段继续使用，针对这两类消费者在实施焕新计划和不实施焕新计划两种情况下，构建两阶段模型以决策产品的最优定价；运用解析方法分析了产品的生产成本等参数对最优定价的影响；运用解析方法和数值算例方法对两模型进行对比。     

长三角城市群市场一体化对技术创新影响的门槛效应研究

市场机制在资源配置中发挥着决定性作用，统一的大市场能够使商品和要素自由流动，从而提升资源利用效率和技术创新能力，促进高质量发展。财政分权体制改革与晋升锦标赛治理模式所引起的地方保护主义和市场分割抑制了市场一体化发展，影响区域技术创新能力提升。多年来，我国政府一直致力于建设国内一体化市场，然而地区间市场分割、贸易壁垒始终存在，极大地阻碍了要素流动，影响科技创新发展。长三角区域是关键核心技术突破的始源地，是双循环的重要承载地。技术创新是推动长三角城市群高质量发展的新引擎。习近平总书记指出实施长三角一体化发展战略要紧扣一体化和高质量两个关键词，以一体化的思路和举措打破行政壁垒、提高政策协同，促进高质量发展。为此，文章以长三角城市群27个城市作为研究样本，首先利用相对价格法、绝对偏差法、变异系数法计算长三角城市群商品市场一体化指数、劳动力市场一体化指数、资本市场一体化指数与总体市场一体化指数。其次建立区域创新能力多指标综合评价体系并利用时序全局主成分分析法对长三角城市群技术创新能力指数进行计算，最后运用面板门槛模型研究市场一体化及其细分类型对区域技术创新能力的非线性影响。研究结果表明：从长三角城市群整体看，商品市场一体化对区域技术创新能力具有促进作用，但其影响不存在门槛效应；劳动力市场一体化与资本市场一体化对技术创新的影响存在单门槛效应；而市场一体化总体对技术创新能力的影响在静态分析和动态分析中存在一定的差异。从省内城市群看，江苏9城市的市场一体化及商品市场一体化对技术创新能力的影响存在单门槛效应；浙江9城市的劳动力市场一体化对技术创新的影响存在单门槛效应；安徽8城市的资本市场一体化对技术创新能力的影响存在单门槛效应。文章创新性地将市场一体化内涵拓展为商品、劳动力和资本市场一体化，将长三角城市群三省一市间存在的区域异质性纳入研究，探究长三角城市群市场一体化对于技术创新的非线性影响，文章结论对于有效提升长三角城市群市场一体化水平及区域技术创新能力有着重要的参考价值和指导意义。     

Competing for seafaring labour: Social security and agency employment in Chinese shipping

This paper discusses one strategy that Chinese crewing agencies adopt to compete with each other in the global seafarer labour supplying market. This strategy is related to Chinese seafarers’ social insurance participation. It shows that crewing agencies utilised a dual workforce – ‘company-owned seafarers’ and ‘externally hired seafarers’. Externally hired seafarers, though in precarious employment, are offered higher salaries in place of social insurance coverage. By contrast, company-owned seafarers are paid less, though enjoy social insurance arranged by agencies. This strategy serves to segment the seafarer labour market, conceal the level playing field and help agencies recruit seafarers cost-effectively, though in violation of labour rights. This paper argues that this strategy grows out of the competitive landscape co-shaped by the national regulatory and institutional settings and the global structure of the shipping industry.     

Digital social security accounts for platform workers: The case of Estonia’s entrepreneur account

Advancements in technology enable new opportunities for creating digital social security accounts, but the effectiveness of these to solve the accessibility and eligibility issues facing platform workers has not been assessed fully in the literature. The potential of digital social security accounts lies in their ability to consider the possible different streams of income of atypical workers and to improve the effective access of these workers to social security. Tax and social security offices can now exchange information on the income of platform workers in real time, which offers the promise of formalizing the previously informal casual work relationships of the self-employed. This article explores the case of the Estonian entrepreneur account as a digital hybrid solution for improving the effective access to social security of platform workers. Digital portable accounts create the conditions for the structural improvement required to respond adequately to meet the changing social security needs of atypical workers. However, this also requires that the policy design be thought through carefully, to avoid digital portable accounts being simply a digital facilitator of outdated solutions.