Differential fertility and family limitation in an urban community of Uttar Pradesh

The study relates to an investigation of the fertility pattern of a sample of 1018 wives drawn from Lucknow and Kanpur, the two biggest cities of Uttar Pradesh. The sample is stratified with respect to religion and caste, and income. It reveals significant inter-community differences, Muslims and low-caste Hindus showing nearly equal fertility, and high-caste Hindus and Christians showing comparatively lower levels. The proportion of small families (three children or less) is obviously higher in groups with lower fertility, but there is a wide measure of dispersion in each group. Fertility is seen to decline with a rise in income, but not until we cross the income level of Rs 300 per month. Consistent with the differential trends in fertility, striking variations are also observed in the extent of contraceptive practice in different groups. Groups with lower fertility also show a higher frequency of birth control. Birth controllers have lower fertility than the non-controllers, and birth control appears to play a not inconsequential rôle in causing differential trends in fertility.     

专业性别隔离的产生过程及其影响因素

目前在教育领域中仍然存在着性别不平等,专业性别隔离就是其表现之一。运用定量研究,证实专业性别隔离的存在,并把中等教育和高等教育连接,从教育过程中探究专业性别隔离的产生和强化,从家庭、学校及专业环境考察影响因素,提出消除关于专业的性别刻板印象及鼓励女生在专业和职业发展的具体建议,为以后进行更为深入的分析提供探索性研究。     

制度安排、社会排斥与城市常住人口的居住分异——以武汉市为例的实证研究

在我国加速城市化进程中 ,非正式迁移的农村人口已经在城市工作、定居 ,成为城市常住人口的重要组成部分 ,并具有长期定居倾向。我国的二元社会经济结构依然存在。转型阶段的制度安排导致了劳动力市场、住宅市场、城市政治和社会文化环境等对非正式迁移的农村人口的社会排斥 ,并导致非正式迁移的农村人口边缘化 ,成为弱势群体。社会排斥通过住房表现出来 ,导致非户籍迁移人口与市民的居住分异。通过武汉市第五次人口普查资料实证研究表明 ,与市民相比 ,非正式迁移的农村人口住宅的数量少 ,质量差 ,产权情况不同 ,存在空间隔离和社会分异 ,证明了社会排斥的客观性。我国应进行与城乡统一的户籍制度相应的制度创新 ,平等对待非正式迁移的农村人口 ,将其融入市民社会 ;住房政策应在社会公平与市场效率的结合中发挥作用。     

Neighborhood resources, racial segregation, and economic mobility: Results from the Gautreaux program

This study uses the unique design of the Gautreaux residential mobility program to estimate the long-run impacts of placement neighborhood conditions on the AFDC receipt (N = 793) and employment levels (N = 1258) of low-income Black women. We find that women initially placed in neighborhoods with few Black residents and moderate to high neighborhood resources experienced significantly more time employed when compared with women placed in neighborhoods with higher concentrations of Blacks and a low level of resources. Women placed in neighborhoods with high levels of resources and low Black populations also spent significantly less time on welfare than women placed in highly Black segregated areas with low levels of resources.     

国际视野中的高校教师职业性别隔离

高校教师职业性别隔离的研究融和了社会性别视角和社会隔离理论,把高校教师的职业发展置于社会性别中的权力机制中加以审视。从横向和纵向两个维度来分析国际社会高校教师中存在的性别隔离现象,发现高校教师的职业发展在教育层级、管理科层和学科三个方面存在较大的性别差异,女教师常常游离在男权中心的高等教育体制边缘。国外采取的对策主要集中在三个方面：制定学术界的“平权法案”,健全缓解女教师角色冲突的支持体系和建立高校女教师的学术联盟。     

经济转型时期越南收入差距的性别分析

经济转型时期越南力图在激发经济活力的同时继续保证社会的公平,因而在促进男女性别平等上做出了不懈努力。但男女收入的行业差距、部门差距和地域差距始终存在的事实表明,越南促进性别平等的目标还远未实现。其表层原因在于职业的性别隔离仍未完全消除,深层原因则是父权主义构建的性别分层结构。     

INCREASING INCREMENT GENERALIZATIONS OF RANK-DEPENDENT THEORIES

Empirical evidence from both utility and psychophysical experiments suggests that people respond quite differently—perhaps discontinuously—to stimulus pairs when one consequence or signal is set to `zero.' Such stimuli are called unitary. The author's earlier theories assumed otherwise. In particular, the key property of segregation relating gambles and joint receipts (or presentations) involves unitary stimuli. Also, the representation of unitary stimuli was assumed to be separable (i.e., multiplicative). The theories developed here do not invoke separability. Four general cases based on two distinctions are explored. The first distinction is between commutative joint receipts, which are relevant to utility, and the non-commutative ones, which are relevant to psychophysics. The second distinction concerns how stimuli of the form (x, C; y) and the operation of joint receipt are linked: by segregation, which mixes stimuli and unitary ones, and by distributivity, which does not involve any unitary stimuli. A class of representations more general than rank-dependent utility (RDU) is found in which monotonic functions of increments U(x)-U(y), where U is an order preseving representation of gambles, and joint receipt play a role. This form and its natural generalization to gambles with n > 2 consequences, which is also axiomatized, appear to encompass models of configural weights and decision affect. When joint receipts are not commutative, somewhat similar representations of stimuli arise, and joint receipts are shown to have a conjoint additive representation and in some cases a constant bias independent of signal intensity is predicted.     

浅析我国金融监管模式选择

金融市场一体化进程的逐步加快,金融创新的日新月异,银行业、证券业、保险业之间的业务划分日益模糊,这些都对传统的金融监管模式提出了新的挑战。因此,改革我国现行的金融监管模式,构建高效运作的金融监管体制是我国金融监管理论与实践亟待解决的重要课题。本文从分析我国现行分业监管模式存在的主要问题入手,遵循效率性、协调性、独立性和前瞻性的原则,探求我国有效的金融监管模式,以适应金融全球化和自由化浪潮的冲击,从而保证我国金融业的健康稳健发展。     

论《土生子》中的阶级和种族冲突

从社会学和心理学的角度,分析赖特<土生子>主人公悲剧的社会和心理根源,可见其谋杀白人姑娘的动机是恐惧和仇恨,且源于美国社会长期的种族隔离和阶级歧视.在这个社会里"红色"分子和黑人有着相似的遭遇,他们在白人统治者的眼里都是罪恶和暴力的代名词.     

“Lingering effects” of discrimination: tracing persistence over time in local populations

The broad principle that historical injustice may call for corrective remedies in today’s world poses new and interesting challenges for applied demographers. I illustrate applications of demographic analysis to examine how former policies and practices produced effects that persist (or linger on) among members of a contemporary population. Such effects involve populations at different times and places and posit causal mechanisms that can be examined and evaluated. Applying standard demographic concepts and thinking to these issues can clarify and sharpen public understanding of whether past experiences still matter and precisely for whom, and whether proposed corrective remedies under the law are feasible.Revision of paper presented at the 2003 meetings of the Population Association of America, Session 1103, “Beyond Basics: Estimating and Projecting Characteristics Other Than Age, Sex, and Race.”