Exploring work- and organization-based resources as moderators between work-family conflict, well-being, and job attitudes

In modern Western life it is difficult to avoid work-family conflict. Therefore the resources that might reduce its negative outcomes on well-being and job attitudes come into focus. Our study contributes to the work-family conflict literature by exploring the indirect (moderator) and direct role of three work- and organization-related resources, i.e., job control, family supportive climate, organization-based self-esteem (OBSE), in the work-to-family conflict and well-being/job attitude relationship. Theoretically, the study tested the recently developed Job Demands-Resources (JD-R) model in the Scandinavian context. Data for the study were gathered from three differing Finnish organizations (health care district, ICT company, Cardboard mill; n=1252). In line with the predictions of the JD-R model, job demands (time- and strain-based work-to-family conflict) were more robustly associated with strain-based outcomes (physical symptoms), whereas job resources (job control, family supportive climate, OBSE) were more strongly linked to motivational-based outcomes (job satisfaction, organizational commitment). Both job control and family supportive climate moderated the relationships studied; high job control and family supportive climate buffered against the aversive effects of work-to-family conflict on well-being and job attitudes. These indirect effects also varied in relation to the independent, moderator, and dependent variables. However, OBSE did not operate as a buffering factor, although it showed significant direct effects. From a practical viewpoint, our findings suggest that job control and family supportive climate are resources that help employees to reduce the negative effects related to work-family conflict.     

元认知在克服自卑心理中的应用

元认知在指导、调节人的认知活动中起着重大作用。自卑的实质为消极核心信念,利用元认知的调 节和监督功能,监控并调节消极信念,用替代思维破坏核心信念,从而改变思维模式,对外在刺激进行积极反馈,用 取得的成功、自我肯定的语言激励自己,从而增强自信心。     

Theory of Mind, Self-worth and the Mother–Child Relationship

We tested the hypothesis that mother–child warmth and responsiveness would moderate the link between young children's theory of mind skills and self‐worth. Participants included 125 same‐sex pairs of 3.5 year‐old twins and their mothers. A battery of tests was individually administered to measure the children's theory of mind skills and verbal intelligence, and their self‐reported self‐worth was assessed using a puppet interview. Following visits to the families' homes, the observers completed ratings of warm responsive mother–child behavior based on videotaped unstructured and structured observations. As expected, warm responsive behavior moderated the relation between their theory of mind and the child's self‐worth. Their theory of mind was positively associated with self‐worth in warm responsive mother–child dyads, and there was weaker evidence that their theory of mind may be negatively associated with self‐worth in less warm, unresponsive mother–child dyads.     

A passion for respect: On understanding the role of human needs and morality

In the present paper, we stress the importance of the concept respect in a wide variety of social settings and provide a working definition of this concept by emphasizing how respect relates to the act of communicating full recognition to other people on the dimensions of belongingness and morality. Subsequently, in two separate parts, we discuss why respect is so desired and valued. The first part looks at respect as a means to fulfil important human social concerns (“respect as a means to an end”). The second part looks at the potential moral underpinnings of respect and thus interprets “respect as an end in itself.” Finally, it is suggested that both reasons to value respect explain respect effects as a function of the working selfconcept that is salient (i.e., pragmatic versus idealistic self). Laetitia B. Mulder is Assistant Professor of Social Psychology at Tilburg University. Her research interests are social decision making, sanctions and rewards, moral norms, compliance, and norm internalization.     

建设性批评对领导下属交换的影响机制研究——避免公开批评的视角

以员工感知的领导避免公开批评员工这种建设性批评对领导下属交换的影响为研究对象,基于领导下属交换理论,以主管忠诚为中介变量,以员工自尊为调节变量,构建避免公开批评员工对领导下属交换的影响模型。通过对经历过领导批评的员工进行网络问卷调查,利用回归分析方法,研究员工感知的领导避免公开批评员工行为、主管忠诚、自尊以及领导下属交换之间的关系。研究结果表明,员工感知的领导避免公开批评员工的行为与主管忠诚中的对主管的奉献、对主管的额外努力和主管价值观的内化显著正相关,主管忠诚与领导下属交换显著正相关;但员工自尊会调节其感知的领导避免公开批评员工与对主管的奉献、对主管的额外努力和主管价值观的内化的关系,只有对低自尊员工感知的领导避免公开批评员工行为才与其对主管的奉献、对主管的额外努力和主管价值观的内化有显著正向关系,而高自尊员工感知的领导避免公开批评员工行为与其对主管的奉献、对主管的额外努力和主管价值观的内化关系不显著。说明领导避免公开批评员工这种建设性批评并不总能促进领导与员工关系的改善,但避免公开批评员工仍是最佳的管理实践选择。研究结论有助于深入了解建设性批评的影响机制及其限制条件,对业界和学术界均具有重要理论和实践意义。     

Separating thoughts from the self by selling them to others: the moderating role of self-esteem / Separar los pensamientos del yo al venderlos a otros: el rol moderador de la autoestima

Abstract

This research introduces a new approach for separating people from their thoughts by anticipating selling them to others. Participants were asked to write down either positive or negative thoughts about fast food on different pieces of paper. Then, participants were randomly assigned to role-play the part of either potential buyers or sellers for an advertising campaign. Finally, all participants indicated their self-esteem (as an additional predictor) and their attitudes towards fast food (as the dependent measure). For high self-esteem participants, anticipating selling thoughts to others reduced the impact of thoughts on attitudes, suggesting that distancing thoughts from a location with high validity (the self) reduced the perceived value of their thoughts. In contrast, for low self-esteem participants, anticipating selling thoughts increased their usage, suggesting that separating thoughts from a location with low validity (the self) increased the perceived value of those thoughts. These findings suggest that thoughts can be associated with high or low validity depending on individual differences in self-esteem.     

藏族大学生自尊现状调查报告

自尊对个体健康心理以及良好个性的形成有着积极的作用。藏族大学生由于文化和心理等方面的原因致使其存在着种种心理问题。本文通过对藏族大学生自尊水平及其规律的调查,为有针对性地对藏族大学生实施心理健康教育提供理论参考。     

Internet Pornography Use,Body Ideals,and Sexual Self-Esteem in Norwegian Gay and Bisexual Men

ABSTRACT

The purpose of this study was to explore the relationship between perception of own appearance, Internet pornography consumption, preferences for pornographic actors’ appearance, and sexual self-esteem in gay and bisexual men in Norway. An online survey of 477 gay and bisexual men showed that, despite the prevailing muscular and lean gay body ideal, many men with less ideal bodies also preferred to watch pornographic actors with body types similar to their own. Self-perceived attractiveness, having an ideal body type, and viewing Internet pornography in longer sessions each made a unique contribution to higher self-esteem as a sexual partner. Preferring to watch pornographic actors with ideal bodies was not related to sexual self-esteem. The findings underscore the importance for gay or bisexual men of both self-perceived attractiveness and being athletic or young and fit, for a positive self-evaluation of sexual performance and competence.     

Self-Esteem,Life Satisfaction,and Positive Future Perception among at-Risk and Comparison Group Participants in National Civic Service

ABSTRACT

This study focuses on a program designed to engage at-risk youth in the National Civic Service (NCS) in Israel with the goal of enabling them to better integrate into normative adult lives. This exploratory study employed a cross-sectional design and compared groups of at-risk female volunteers (N = 426) with comparison groups of not at-risk participants in the NCS (N = 456). For both of them, three sub-groups were examined at different stages of their service: the beginning, near the end, and about one year after finishing the service. In both the at-risk and comparison groups, self-esteem was higher among the alumni compared to those at earlier stages of the program. Life satisfaction was generally much lower among the at-risk group, but after service completion, both groups reported higher life satisfaction. There were no significant differences between the groups in their future perceptions. The implications of these findings for policy and practice are discussed.     

贫困大学生自我价值感的特点

以266名贫困大学生为被试,278名非贫困大学生为对照,采用黄希庭、杨雄编制的青少年自我价值感量表,对贫困大学生自我价值感特点进行研究。结果表明:(1)贫困大学生社会取向人际自我价值感和社会取向生理自我价值感低于常模;(2)贫困女生总体自我价值感、个人取向心理自我价值感以及社会取向心理自我价值感低于贫困男生;贫困大学生社会取向一般自我价值感、个人取向人际自我价值感以及个人取向家庭自我价值感等方面有显著的年级差异;(3)贫困大学生在自我价值感的许多方面显著低于非贫困大学生。