The social stratification of tongue shape for postvocalic /r/ in Scottish English1

The sociolinguistic modelling of phonological variation and change is almost exclusively based on auditory and acoustic analyses of speech. One phenomenon which has proved elusive when considered in these ways is the variation in postvocalic /r/ in Scottish English. This study therefore shifts to speech production: we present a socioarticulatory study of variation of postvocalic /r/ in CVr (e.g. car) words, using a socially‐stratified ultrasound tongue imaging corpus of speech collected in eastern central Scotland in 2008. Our results show social stratification of /r/ at the articulatory level, with middle‐class speakers using bunched articulations, while working‐class speakers use greater proportions of tongue‐tip and tongue‐front raised variants. Unlike articulatory variation of /r/ in American English, the articulatory variants in our Scottish English corpus are both auditorily distinct from one another, and correlate with strong and weak ends of an auditory rhotic continuum, which also shows clear social stratification.     

Service Utilization Patterns Among Adolescent Mothers Residing in Three-Generational Households

ABSTRACT

This qualitative study used in-depth interviews to better understand the social service experiences and identified needs of 26 demographically diverse adolescent mothers and their mothers, who resided together in three-generational households. Most dyads accessed community services, particularly parenting and emotional supports, financial and material assistance, and medical care, and desired short-term assistance related to their circumstances and newly expanded families, rather than long-term support. The most commonly identified barrier to service utilization involved income eligibility guidelines. In light of welfare reform policies and the current economic climate, this research underscores the need for transitional supports for families, including assistance with basic needs. In terms of implications for social work practice and future research, adolescent mothers may need formal supports as they pursue independence after they leave their mothers’ care. Future research could further explore, within other communities and longitudinally, whether these preliminary trends hold true.     

Kullback-leibler information approach to the optimum measurement point for bayesian estimation

When an appropriate parametric model and a prior distribution of its parameters are given to describe clinical time courses of a dynamic biological process, Bayesian approaches allow us to estimate the entire profiles from a few or even a single observation per subject. The goodness of the estimation depends on the measurement points at which the observations were made. The number of measurement points per subject is generally limited to one or two. The limited measurement points have to be selected carefully. This paper proposes an approach to the selection of the optimum measurement point for Bayesian estimations of clinical time courses. The selection is made among given candidates, based on the goodness of estimation evaluated by the Kullback-Leibler information. This information measures the discrepancy of an estimated time course from the true one specified by a given appropriate model. The proposed approach is applied to a pharmacokinetic analysis, which is a typical clinical example where the selection is required. The results of the present study strongly suggest that the proposed approach is applicable to pharmacokinetic data and has a wide range of clinical applications.     

超越自我的困境

近代伊始的西方哲学有以主客二分式的"自我"为原则的传统，这一传统对"自我"的认识势所必然会导致自我认识循环的困境。马克思对人的自由及其社会本质的规定，为走出自我性的图子和自我认识循环的困境提供了最为有益的启示。     

沙里看世界 袖中笼大千——笔记袖珍体小小说写作艺术初探

笔记袖珍体小小说是我国小小说园地中的一朵奇葩。现着重从取材的典型性、构思的灵巧性、手法的夸张性和叙述的简洁性四个方面 ,对其写作艺术作初步探讨     

论再就业工程与劳动市场建设

在原有劳动力市场理论研究的基础上 ,从经济体制改革、产业结构调整、以及知识经济发展的角度出发 ,深入探索了实施再就业工程对我国社会主义建设的重要性、紧迫性和战略性 ,并试图理清再就业工程与劳动力市场建设的关系。提出了解决中国劳动就业保障 ,体现工人阶级主人翁地位的根本出路在于把劳动工人转变为资本工人     

“民工荒”现象的经济学解释——基于劳动力供需双方知觉的分析

我国东南沿海地区出现的“民工荒”是有悖于经济学常理的现象,主要原因在于劳动力供需双方知觉上存在的偏差,导致劳动力价格上存在太大的差距。要解决“民工荒”问题,就必须从政府、企业及民工三方面着手,尽量缩小劳动力供需双方知觉上存在的偏差。     

Little naked pangs of the self: the real performance of the self and the function of trust in Goffman's action theory

The aim of this article is to discuss some of the leading features of Erving Goffman's action theory as an alternative to the ‘orthodox’ paradigms of sociology, viewed as a structuralist and functionalist science that defines social constructs by their shared rules and values, and as a drifting of action, in the sense of intention, toward an individualistic version. The author examines Goffman's shift of the focus of attention from the boundaries of a social sense of action to the social dialectic of ‘defining a situation’ (W. Thomas) as conducted by the social actors in a renewal of Simmel's ‘empowering covenants’ (wechselwirkung) in the multiple casual social connections that make up the ‘social buzz’ in a society. The author moreover discusses Goffman's action as a kind of playacting regulating cognitive and expressive face-to-face ‘traffic’ between the social actors. This relational dynamic creates an interactive play based on encounters – in which one's opening to another is fraught with risks of deception – regulated by trust as a central resource for social interactions. Trust, in its interpersonal and systemic variants, constitutes a universal social datum and an elementary precondition for social exchanges and the cooperation between individuals. Trust, thus, functions as comparer between reciprocal expectations and a regulator of freedom tending to the stability of the social system.     

毫米波高增益大功率收发组件研制

提出了一种可用于雷达的毫米波收发组件的实现方案。组件包括两个几乎完全相同的接收通道和一个发射通道,接收通道采用两次混频将毫米波信号变为50MHz中频,而发射通道则采用两次上变频将50MHz信号变为毫米波频段的信号发射出去。该文分析了收发组件的设计原理,讨论了组件方案选择,并给出了测试结果。收发组件的各项技术指标基本达到设计要求:在10MHz的工作带宽内,连续波发射功率达1W,接收机噪声系数小于4.5dB,接收通道的净增益超过100dB。     

用科学发展观指导高校后勤工作的创新发展

高校后勤工作必须坚持以科学发展观为指导，这是由高校后勤工作的现状和科学发展观的重要指导意义所决定的。高校后勤工作在发展中存在不少问题，导致了后勤发展的不协调，对于后勤工作的可持续发展必然造成极大的冲击。解决这些矛盾和问题，就必须深刻把握科学发展观的深邃内涵，坚持以人为本、统筹兼顾学校各方面工作发展的关系，走全面协调可持续的发展道路。