弗洛伊德论人类文明

文明问题是弗洛伊德在研究人类社会时着意深入探讨的主题。他认为,文明不仅是人类实际生存的需要,也是爱欲的需要,是人们为了自身的幸福而创造的;但文明往往成为人们痛苦不幸之源。其原因是,个体发展与社会文明发展之间有着矛盾对立;爱欲与文明之间不可避免地发生分裂;人的攻击性本能成为文明的最有力的障碍。文明通过不断地强化人的罪疚感来达到控制个人攻击性的目的。在对弗洛伊德文明观的理解方面有一些不正确的看法,需要我们作出细致的辨析。     

SEXUAL PRIVACY AND EARLY SEXUAL DEBUT IN NAIROBI INFORMAL SETTLEMENTS1

The purpose of this paper is to examine sexual privacy as a factor that may influence the relatively earlier sexual debut among the urban poor in Nairobi. 40 focus group discussions were held with people aged 13–17, 18–24, 25–49 and 50+ years, community leaders and service providers in four informal settlements of Nairobi. Lack of sexual privacy was identified as a major problem. Although adults were reported to use various means to acquire some measure of privacy, such as waiting for children to fall asleep, switching off the lights and separating the sleeping areas using curtains, these measures were found inadequate. The participants therefore associated young people's early initiation of sexual activity with lack of sexual privacy. Sexual privacy has not received adequate research attention as a dimension of poverty that influences young people's sexuality. More studies are called for to unravel the specific association between sexual privacy among adults and young people's sexual behaviour. The living conditions of the urban poor should also be addressed to mitigate the effects of lack of sexual privacy.     

Perceptions of Effectiveness of Responses to Sexual Harassment in the US Military, 1988 and 1995

This analysis compares patterns of response to the harassment experiences that had the greatest effect on the respondents to the ‘1988 Department of Defense (DoD) Survey of Sex Roles in the Active‐Duty Military’ and Form A of the ‘1995 Armed Forces Sexual Harassment Survey’. We analyse the respondents’ perceptions about effectiveness of their responses, and respondents’ opinions about the efforts of senior military leadership, and their own immediate supervisors’ efforts to ‘make honest and reasonable efforts to stop sexual harassment in the active‐duty military’ ( DoD, 1988 ; Bastian et al., 1996 ). Results indicate that while the military has been somewhat successful in attempts to lower actual incidence of sexual harassment, the percentage of those experiencing such uninvited and unwanted behaviours remains high. Similar patterns of responses in both years, with most employing personal solutions and few filing complaints with officials, may reflect the fact that official DoD policy focuses on individual behaviour and does not address the masculine environmental context that promotes such behaviours (see also Harrell and Miller, 1997 ). Findings also suggest that the ‘no tolerance’ policies adopted by the military may concentrate on the military image but ignore the wishes of the complainants who fear reprisals. If the rights and wishes of all parties involved are not taken into account, policies are unlikely to be successful (see, for example, Rowe, 1996 ).     

浅议企业集体创新能力理论

文章阐述了企业集体创新理论的概念和发展过程,分析了影响企业形成集体创新能力的两个前提条件(员工的态度和行为),过程认为集体创新能力是企业形成竞争优势的一个源泉,指出在经济全球化下,外部环境处于劣势的小企业应把企业的集体创新能力作为形成小企业竞争优势的源泉。     

婚姻解构与原欲构建--当代女性写作中情感历程走向之一种

从张爱玲用婚姻解构了诗意的爱情,到王安忆试图用性爱建构完整的女性,这也许是现代到当代中国女性作家一直在连续地探索着的问题;从快乐的依附到痛苦的独立的努力,从为了生存和“食”的保障,到大胆地追求性爱权利,这也许是一个进步,但这追求的幸福结果尚未出现,一切还在路上。     

女性自我的建构:当代女性书写的主体呈现及其内涵

综观20世纪80年代以来女性小说创作,不难发现,女性书写者对女性主体性的探寻呈现出不断变化深入的态势.即从张洁、张辛欣"女人是和男人站在同一地平线上的人"到王安忆、铁凝对女人作为一个性别群体存在的特性的探寻,到林白、陈染文本从个我隐秘的生活、心理层面对性别个体女性自我的追问,再到王安忆<长恨歌>在一种平易的日常状态中展现女性个体生命的世俗形式及意义,营造一个世俗、民间的女性自我.     

Services for troubled adolescents: exploring user variation

This paper outlines some of the main findings from an exploratory study of a sample of 257 adolescents living in children's homes, foster homes and residential special schools ‘for pupils with emotional and behavioural difficulties’ (‘EBD’). It focuses on the characteristics of service users, particularly contrasting the looked after and EBD groups. Though there are some similarities, there are also important differences between the populations in terms of age, gender, ethnicity, reasons for separation, legal status, family background and education. An attempt was made systematically to compare groups by creating a subsample of ‘difficult’ adolescents, based on involvement in anti‐social behaviour. Unexpectedly, this revealed that half of the teenagers were not ‘difficult’. Factors associated with being identified as ‘difficult’ were explored.     

Placing Clinical Social Workers “Between a Legal Rock and a Practice Hard Place”: Reactions to Madden and Parody

The debate about the veracity of incest memories uncovered in therapy is often impassioned and acrimonious. Recent statements by various professional organizations, advising that corroboration of recovered memories is the only method for determining their accuracy, have not decreased the intensity of this debate. This response to Madden and Parody's paper discusses the importance of corroboration of recovered memories of sexual abuse and details the clinical, scientific, and legal foundations for this approach. A point of confusion in Madden and Parody's paper and an important aspect of this response is the difference between clients who uncover completely new memories of childhood sexual abuse and clients who enter therapy with a history of sexual abuse. Those clients with new memories are the focus of this debate and the standard of care proposed in this paper.     

东方的传统与爱的哲学

文章将爱与文化学相结合,讨论了东方传统孕育下的爱的哲学,着重论述了古代印度与中国爱的哲学之异同及产生的影响。通过对有关历史人物的轶事、婚恋史及名著、名作的剖析,对传统的伦理道德及其性爱理论进行了批判,同时就"道德的重建"提出了思考。     

非语言交际问题研究

通过把西方非语言交际的研究与中国的文化特点相结合,探索中国跨文化非语言交际的英语教学。跨文化非语言交际应该作为以培养学生语用能力和交际能力为目的的英语教学的一部分。中西方文化存在着很大的文化差异,不同的文化价值观使得文化间具有不同的非语言交际规则。这使得跨文化非语言交际变得更加复杂。所以,只以英语语言学习为目的的英语教学无法达到培养学生跨文化非语言交际的目的。这就使得成为英语教学的有机组成部分。