Irishness in Glasgow, 1863–70

In early November 1914 the German military authorities ordered the internment of all British male civilians aged between 17 and 55 then still resident in Germany. Over four thousand British subjects were affected by this measure. This article examines the domestic political background to the decision in favour of internment, focusing on the role of public opinion and of competing voices within the German war leadership. It also looks at attempts to negotiate the release and exchange of civilian prisoners after 1914. Internment was supported by the military and by most sections of the middle-class press. While partly a reaction to similar measures against Germans in Britain, it also reflected the government's growing frustration at the failure to achieve victory in the opening months of the war.     

烤烟施肥中氮肥分配比例的研究

采用Scheffe提出的单形重心设计,研究了烤烟在紫潮沙泥土上,施纯氮105kg／hm2的条件下,烟叶产值与基肥、小压肥、大压肥3次施氮比例之间的数学模型。通过计算机模拟寻优获得最高产值为9710．40元／hm2,其3次施氮最佳比例为0．45:0．30:0．25,产值超过9300元/hm2的方案共计75套,其优化配比为0．458:0．319:0．223。     

Predictors of Smoking and Smokeless Tobacco Use in College Students: A Preliminary Study Using Web-Based Survey Methodology

Cigarette smoking and smokeless tobacco (SLT) use are associated with numerous health hazards and economic costs, and rates of tobacco use have recently increased among young adults. In this study, the authors compared predictors of smoking and SLT use among college students (N = 21,410) from 13 Texas universities using a Web-based survey. Results revealed that sex, belonging to a fraternity or sorority, participation in intercollegiate sports, peer influences, and ethnicity predicted smoking and SLT use. Although common factors predicted both lifetime and current smoking and SLT use, patterns of prediction differed across dependent variables. The authors discuss implications for developing tobacco prevention programs targeting specific risk factors salient to the young adult population.     

Air Nicotine and Saliva Cotinine as Indicators of Workplace Passive Smoking Exposure and Risk1

We model nicotine from environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) in office air and salivary cotinine in nonsmoking U.S. workers. We estimate that: an average salivary cotinine level of 0.4 ng/ml corresponds to an increased lifetime mortality risk of 1/1000 for lung cancer, and 1/100 for heart disease; >95% of ETS-exposed office workers exceed OSHA's significant risk level for heart disease mortality, and 60% exceed significant risk for lung cancer mortality; 4000 heart disease deaths and 400 lung cancer deaths occur annually among office workers from passive smoking in the workplace, at the current 28% prevalence of unrestricted smoking in the office workplace.     

我国烟叶收购价格问题研究

近年来,由于我国烟叶收购价格不合理,导致农民的种烟积极性下降,对我国烟叶生产的平稳发展带来很大影响。长期以来采用的烟粮比价定价法存在严重的缺陷,无法真正调动农民的种烟积极性。本文从我国烟叶生产的实际出发,把DEA方法、多元回归方法与完全信息动态博弈模型结合起来,提出了制定烟叶收购价格的新思路。该定价方法以烟粮比较收益为基础,制定的烟叶收购价格能够充分调动农民的种烟积极性。     

南京国民政府时期陕西烟毒未能禁绝原因探析

近代陕西烟毒泛滥严重,南京国民政府时期掀起了声势浩大的禁烟运动,把近代禁烟推向了高潮。陕西地方政府也在这期间出台了数不清的法规、条例,采取了无数的政策措施,但最终还是未能解决陕西的烟毒问题。究其原因主要体现为国民政府在禁烟问题上所具有的矛盾心态导致施禁不力、贪弊横生,而外部又有外国侵略者的不断干扰和破坏,加之陕西省本身省情的特殊复杂性使陕西烟毒问题较之其他省份更加严重。     

试析烟草广告博弈的“囚徒困境”及政府立法的解围作用

烟草广告是促进烟草消费的重要手段。文章从阐述“囚徒困境”的本质内涵入手,通过建立烟草广告竞争博弈模型,分析了现实烟草市场竞争中的博弈行为和烟草公司的“两难选择”困境,探讨了政府立法在帮助烟草公司逃离“囚徒困境”和打破非合作式“纳什均衡”中所起的重要作用,并指出政府只有加大管制和执法力度,才能达到禁止烟草广告的最终目的。     

政治博弈与劳资冲突：1927年上海英美烟厂罢工

1927年,南京国民政府寻求关税自主,力求在烟草统税问题上有所突破时,上海英美烟厂爆发了罢工。在这次罢工中,党政各部门不只扮演调停者的角色,而是在给予罢工者以经济支持、代表他们与资方谈判的同时,还发动了一场声势浩大的全民抵货运动,使罢工坚持了110天之久。在罢工的过程中,反对英美烟公司“擅抗国税”成为最响亮的口号,工人的利益被置于次要地位。显然,政府的意图不过是要以罢工和抵货给公司施压,迫使其在烟草统税问题上妥协。罢工只是中国政府与英美烟公司政治博弈的工具而已。     

Tobacco Advertising

If advocates of bans on tobacco advertising had their complete way, most would prohibit this product outright. But this is not (yet) politically feasible. Instead, they have focussed their efforts on restricting information flows about this product. They rely on the doctrine that free speech rights apply only indirectly, if at all, to such matters of commerce. In this paper several arguments in behalf of bans on tobacco advertising are considered, and all are found invalid. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Modeling the Modification of the Risk of Radon-Induced Lung Cancer by Environmental Tobacco Smoke

The presence of environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) in homes has been implicated in the causation of lung cancer. While of interest in its own right, ETS also influences the risk imposed by radon and its decay products. The interaction between radon progeny and ETS alters the exposure, intake, uptake, biokinetics, dosimetry, and radiobiology of those progeny. The present paper details model predictions of the various influences of ETS on these factors in the U.S. population and provides estimates of the resulting change in the risk from average levels of radon progeny. It is predicted that the presence of ETS produces a very small (perhaps unmeasurable) increase in the risk of radiation-induced tracheobronchial cancer in homes with initially very high particle concentrations for both active and never-smokers, but significantly lowers the risk in homes with initially lower particle concentrations for both groups when generation 4 of the lung is considered the target site. For generation 16, the presence of ETS generally increases the radon-induced risk of lung cancer, although the increase should be unmeasurable at high initial particle concentrations. The net effect of ETS on human health is suggested to be a complicated function of the initial housing conditions, the concentration of particles introduced by smoking, the target generation considered, and the smoking status of exposed populations. This situation precludes any simple statements concerning the role of ETS in governing the incidence of lung cancer in a population.