中小企业成长的社会网络解释与分析

中小企业成长依赖于外部资源获取,而资源获取渠道又通常产自于由各种社会关系构成的社会网络。本文针对中小企业成长的独特轨迹,认为社会网络理论在中小企业资源获取及在此基础上的持续成长方面具有独到的解释与分析力度。此外,对社会网络的演进模式及其在中小企业资源获取与成长过程中发挥的作用进行了分析。最后,对社会网络理论在中小企业成长方面可能的具体研究应用领域进行了探讨。     

英汉语言中的性别歧视现象

Gender discrimination is felt and found universally, and sexism in language is no exception. Sexist languages exist in both English and Chinese. An analysis of linguistic sexism will promise us the assumptions that language is emblematic of and constitutive of social identity.     

试论建筑防灾中的人群管理和应急管理

从社会心理学和行为心理学视角分析紧急灾难情况下人群的心理反应,阐明控制人群恐慌的人群管理方法,并结合国内外实例从正反两个方面说明人群管理方法在建筑防灾方面的有效性,进一步论述了应急管理在国内的发展方向和重点。     

和谐社会建设中低收入群体社会心态的引导与调适

良好的社会心态既是构建社会主义和谐社会的一种内在要求，也是和谐社会建设的重要心理资源。在社会转型时期，由收入差距扩大引起的不公平感和社会生活中的焦虑感，使低收入群体遭受到物质和精神上的双层困扰，并产生政治上的冷漠心态和信仰上的迷茫，为此，需要在社会意识领域做好教育疏导工作，更要在社会存在领域做好良好社会心态的强本固基工作。     

仰望星空的人——论乔纳森·弗兰岑的创作

作为新世纪最出色的二十位作家之一，乔纳森·弗兰岑怀着创作宏大社会小说的理想，穿梭于传统的讲故事高手与熟练的实验作家之间，为读者展示了美国家庭、美国自身，以及美国的资本主义、物质主义、乐观主义和理想主义。他仰望着天空，却关注着众生。     

马克思的社会有机体理论与构建和谐社会

马克思的社会有机体理论是马克思主义社会发展理论的组成部分,是历史唯物主义的重要内容。马克思的社会有机体理论对当今构建社会主义和谐社会具有重要的理论意义和现实价值。     

Forced to work and liberated from work

The work-welfare nexus is essential in all social policy regimes. The question is in what situations individuals should be entitled to social welfare benefits and in which situations they should be obliged to work. Social welfare law and administrative practices define mechanisms that separate the deserving poor from people able to work. This article analyses the functions and character of these "separation mechanisms" in Sweden during three periods in history: a) in rural society in the late 19th century; b) in industrial society during the successful years of the Swedish model from World War II until the late 1970s; and c) the present, including the period of welfare retrenchment and reconsideration since the early 1980s. The conclusion is that Swedish social policy has always been strongly work-oriented, but the specific form and content of the work ethic has varied under the influence of different ideologies and handled in different social policy institutions. Under specific conditions the work line has been either generous or restrictive and it has been based on structural attempts to improve the opportunities to work as well as on attempts to strongly pressure the individual to work. The work line of today is seen as an interesting attempt to combine an effort to create good work through improved work conditions and an effort to reinforce elements of work enforcement in the social insurance system.     

Beyond recruitment: Predictors of differential participation in a national antihunger organization

Surprisingly little research has sought to explain differential participation after recruitment into social movement organizations (SMOs). This study examines the influence of several sets of predictors on participation by members of a national organization in the antihunger movement. The findings highlight the importance of incentive, ideological, and microstructural factors for differential participation and suggest that favorable perceptions of SMOs also promote participation. Final remarks address the implications of the findings for the social movement and voluntary organization literatures.     

Poverty and social trends in Russia

The article describes the socioeconomic situation of the Russian population and its dynamics in 1992. The analysis is based on series of regional sociological surveys led by the All-Russian Living Standards Research Center and on official Russian statistical data. The basic unit of analysis is the family, and hence family typology approbated both in research and in practical social work is introduced. Besides describing and discussing the growing poverty tendencies in contemporary Russia, the article also contains methodological recommendations for social policy bodies and social workers on the strategy of work in social maintenance and social support of the least secure population strata.     

Making ends meet: perceptions of poverty in Sweden

During the era after the Second World War, Sweden has built a welfare system based on labor market participation and income maintenance. Low unemployment and decent wages are supposed to guarantee people a labor market income or income maintenance, which in turn should provide a proper standard for everyone. However, a rapid increase in unemployment and economic problems have made the future of the Swedish welfare state more uncertain than ever. These circumstances have, among other things, led to the suggestion that Sweden should abandon the income maintenance policy and create a social policy system with the more limited ambition of guaranteeing everyone a minimum income. In that case, one central question must be answered: what constitutes a decent minimum income in today's Sweden? Where should we draw the poverty line under which people will not be forced to live? These questions are central in the current debate. The consensual poverty line method is used in this article to derive a poverty line relevant for today's Sweden. The results shows that more than every fifth household has an income below the consensual poverty line. That is, they have an income that most Swedes would argue is too low to make ends meet. The level of the consensual poverty line was compared with the National Board of Health and Welfare's guidelines for social assistance. The consensual poverty line was shown to be more generous to small households and the norm for social assistance was more generous to larger households. Finally, the expenditure for guaranteeing all Swedish household a minimum income equal to the consensual poverty line was estimated: more than SEK 25 billion per year. The results in the article casts serious doubt on the ability of the Swedish welfare state to secure a decent income to all citizens.