承袭与变异：明清督抚制度述论

明清督抚制度当承袭周秦以来的近官以京秩出监地方的监察制度,它与汉代刺史制度、使者巡行制度、唐代节度使制度等都有着历史上的渊源。明代巡抚制度萌芽于建文时,基本确立于宣德时期。总督制度是在巡抚制度普遍推行的基础上形成的,其基本特征是跨省置督,总领地方。清初的督抚也是出于监察地方和督察军事的初衷而署置的。作为封疆大吏的总督,其权力和职掌在镇压太平天国等农民起义和洋务运动及其以后的变局进一步膨胀起来。在承袭与变异的过程中所形成的明清督抚制度,其演变有着历史渊源、动力机制、制度机理和路径依赖,它是中国古代监察官地方官化的典型个案,对我国近现代地方政治制度和中央与地方的关系无疑产生了深远的影响。     

中国译学标准的回顾与反思

随着译学研究和学科建设的发展 ,译学标准研究越来越受到人们关注。本文就不同历史时期国内主要译学标准进行了简要回顾 ,并探讨了其流变规律。文章还进一步将译学标准置于民族文化语境中 ,细致分析了传统思维方式、价值取向、文化语言对其影响。最后 ,在分析国内译学标准研究现状的基础上 ,对未来研究进行了思考     

Ethics and Choosing Appropriate Means to an End: Problems with Coal Mine and Nuclear Workplace Safety

A common problem in ethics is that people often desire an end but fail to take the means necessary to achieve it. Employers and employees may desire the safety end mandated by performance standards for pollution control, but they may fail to employ the means, specification standards, necessary to achieve this end. This article argues that current (de jure) performance standards, for lowering employee exposures to ionizing radiation, fail to promote de facto worker welfare, in part because employers and employees do not follow the necessary means (practices known as specification standards) to achieve the end (performance standards) of workplace safety. To support this conclusion, the article argues that (1) safety requires attention to specification, as well as performance, standards; (2) coal-mine specification standards may fail to promote performance standards; (3) nuclear workplace standards may do the same; (4) choosing appropriate means to the end of safety requires attention to the ways uncertainties and variations in exposure may mask violations of standards; and (5) correcting regulatory inattention to differences between de jure and de facto is necessary for achievement of ethical goals for safety.     

当代汉语语体变异与规范及其研究漫谈

汉语语体研究领域存在许多亟待解决的问题。本文认为:当代汉语语体变异是不争的事实,其一是局部语体成分的替换,其二是整个语体体式的迁移。当代汉语语体变异具有二重性。规范语体是语用原则,而创新运用语体更是必须认同的言语行为。     

Hopfield神经网络k－全局稳定性

研究了Ｈｏｐｆｉｅｌｄ神经网络的ｋ－全局稳定性，利用常数变易法和不等式分析技巧，给出了Ｈｏｐｆｉｅｌｄ神经网络的ｋ－全局指数稳定的充分条件。     

Syntactic variation and beyond: Gender and social class variation in the use of discourse‐new markers1

The paper explores the relations between syntactic variation and the large‐scale social dimensions of gender and social class. It argues on the basis of an analysis of the marking of discourse‐new entities in interview speech that syntactic variants may frequently be involved in sociolinguistic variation, but indirectly, as just one of a broad set of choices that includes forms drawn from other components of language besides syntax. The analysis shows that although there is no sociolinguistic variation in the use of the strategies speakers use to mark discourse‐new information, there are significant social class and gender differences in the use of Noun Phrases that are not marked. Whilst acknowledging the risks of generalising on the basis of large‐scale social categories, an interpretation of these differences is suggested in relation to findings from previous research that suggest differences in the interactive style of different gender and social class groups. The paper discusses some implications of the analysis for the fields of language variation and change, and pragmatics.     

"联系的变化":哲学新命题的提出及其意义

事物内部"联系的变化"以及事物之间"联系的变化"存在极为复杂的情况,考察事物"联系的变化",进而认识"综合变化体",发现其中更为丰富的规律,将使人类的认识发生飞跃.而这种飞跃,也正是现代科技和社会的发展所要求于人类思维的.深入考察和讨论"联系的变化"这个历久常新的课题,不仅具有其哲学价值,而且具有学术价值和现实价值.     

Estimating the First- and Second-Order Parameters of a Heavy-Tailed Distribution

This paper suggests censored maximum likelihood estimators for the first‐ and second‐order parameters of a heavy‐tailed distribution by incorporating the second‐order regular variation into the censored likelihood function. This approach is different from the bias‐reduced maximum likelihood method proposed by Feuerverger and Hall in 1999. The paper derives the joint asymptotic limit for the first‐ and second‐order parameters under a weaker assumption. The paper also demonstrates through a simulation study that the suggested estimator for the first‐order parameter is better than the estimator proposed by Feuerverger and Hall although these two estimators have the same asymptotic variances.     

‘You tell all the stories’: Using narrative to explore hierarchy within a Community of Practice1

Recent discussion of the Community of Practice (CofP) ( Davies 2005 ) has suggested that there are certain limitations to the approach with regard to how it accounts for internal hierarchy and community membership. Eckert and Wenger (2005: 588) have suggested that the only way to evaluate such criticism (and avoid building an inappropriately rigid conception of power into CofP theory) is to explore how hierarchies operate within CofPs. This paper offers such an exploration. Using data from a long‐term ethnographic study of a high school in the north‐west of England, this paper will use narrative analysis (drawing upon the work of Labov and Waletsky [1967] 1997 amongst others) to explore the interactional space in which speakers actively negotiate their personal and community behaviour. The analysis focuses upon the role individuals play as narrators of community practice and illustrates that status inequalities between individual CofP members do not necessarily result in inequitable allocation of control within the CofP.     

教育政策何以影响高校发展

教育政策既可以成为教育发展的动力,也会成为阻碍教育发展的力量,其关键在于教育政策本身。教育政策要成为教育发展的推动力量,就要考虑政策制定的绩效性、科学化和民主化。根据这些原则,我国高校的收费政策,应该以属地化原则(学生生源地)为依据制定收费标准,以体现政策的科学性;重点高校建设政策,应该以动态化原则取代静态化,以体现政策的民主化;高校资助政策的实施,应该以多样化、层次化为原则,以体现教育政策的绩效性。