简论道家与中国古代文论

道家对中国古代文论的贡献主要体现在这样几个方面:关于艺术构思的"虚静"说;艺术创作中的物化境界;意象、意境与境界;创作方法与艺术风格;艺术表现法与艺术风格论。     

Vulnerable young people and substance misuse: expanding on the risk and protection‐focused approach using social psychology

This paper critically reviews recent research exploring risk and protective factors for the development of problematic substance use in populations of young people. Specific populations of young people who are most vulnerable to developing problematic patterns of use are identified, and alterations to methods of data collection which would improve the ability of local authorities to monitor these populations and more efficiently target them for early preventative interventions are highlighted. It is argued that social‐psychological research techniques and approaches should be used to complement a risk and protection‐focused approach in order to improve the design and evaluation of interventions, and provide decision‐aids for practitioners when assessing the needs of vulnerable young people. Examples are provided to demonstrate the utility of social psychology in this regard, and the paper concludes with specific recommendations for future research and services. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

个人和社会的关系问题是社会观念的核心问题

个人和社会的关系问题是社会哲学的本体论和方法论确立的基础,是社会观念的核心问题。这一问题对人的生存和发展具有根本意义,是各种社会观念分歧的聚焦点,是解决社会哲学其他重大理论问题的逻辑前提。哲学史上的个体原子主义和社会整体主义是实体性的、单向度的思维方式,具有二难选择、机械循环和理论前提批判不彻底等缺陷,是用非关系性的思维思考关系性的对象和问题。马克思的交往实践理论是社会观念的根本变革,它论证了个人和社会相互同构、相互映照和不可相互归约的张力关系,坚持了人和社会相互追问、辩证批判的解释性循环和历史主义方法,说明了个人和社会辩证联结、交互作用的过程。深入研究马克思解决这一问题的思维进路,具有重要的理论价值和现实意义。     

柏拉图的“理式”与生物遗传基因－－为柏拉图的“理式论”两千多年来的冤案昭雪

柏拉图哲学中的"理式"与生物遗传方面的"基因"是同一个概念,从而它既是实体也是普遍,是先于任何具体、个别、感性的生命物质而存在的一种形式和质.因此,自亚里士多德开始,两千多年以来人们对于柏拉图的理式论的误解和批判是错误的.     

基于音乐搜索排行榜测量的研究

在现代生活中,音乐、电影和美术已经是不可或缺的重要组成部分。音乐排行榜在音乐工业中也起着非常重要的作用。针对一种新型的排行榜,实时的搜索排行榜进行研究。通过数据的采集与分析,研究这一类型的排行榜的排名特征和用户行为。从研究结果中,发现了搜索排行榜与传统的商业性排行榜的差别就是这一新兴排行榜中存在一部分特殊用户。近而研究了这些特殊用户的用户行为特征以及给排行榜带来的影响。     

“物质是世界的本原”质疑

“本原”一词源于古希腊哲学关于万物始基的讨论,主要是指构成万物的基本要素、成分。现行哲学教科书提出“物质是世界的本原”,具有明显的逻辑矛盾。物质就其内涵而言是对万物的共同特性的抽象,就其外延来看则是万物的总和。所以,物质是世界的“本质”,而不是世界的“本原”。     

The role of natural recovery in alcoholism and pathological gambling

While most pathological gamblers, like most alcohol abusers, recover on their own, it seems likely that they are at greater risk for relapse than those who have been through successful treatment. Accordingly, a substantial increase in treatment resources for pathological gamblers, along with greater efforts to establish the effectiveness of these treatments, ought to receive national priority. If the data on alcohol-abusing self-changers are generalizable to self-changing pathological gamblers, the prognosis for gamblers who stop gambling all together is better than for those who aspire to controlled or nonproblem gambling. While pathological gamblers with comorbid substance abuse are more difficult to treat than those without it, the impact of comorbid substance abuse on the decision by pathological gamblers to change has not yet been explored, although it should be. Similarly, the impact of other Axis I pathology on pathological gambling self-change, especially depression and anxiety, should be thoroughly explored. The most pressing problem in this field appears to be definitional. As a consequence, until consensus is reached on a reliable, valid, and useful classification scheme for pathological gambling, both research and clinical efforts will continue to suffer.     

Adolescents in residential treatment: The prevalence of ACEs,substance use and justice involvement

Abstract

Although associations between developmental trauma, juvenile justice involvement and youth substance use have been previously reported in the published literature, the interconnection among these three factors has not been adequately studied. This article describes the interconnection among these three factors and calls for greater attention to the role of adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) in the diagnosis and treatment of youth who present with histories of substance use and/or offending behavior. Pilot data are presented that show high rates of self-reported trauma exposure, substance use history, justice involvement, and mental health problems in a sample of adolescents in residential treatment. The data point to the need for residential treatment centers to consider trauma histories in developing treatment plans for youth with current and prior substance use and offending behavior.     

Preliminary evaluation of contingent meals and telephone use to improve evidence-supported family therapy session attendance in mothers referred by Child Protective Services for substance abuse

Persons referred by Child Protective Services (CPS) for substance abuse evidence high rates of nonattendance to therapy sessions, taxing systems of care and exacerbating outcomes. This study examined the influence of two telephone-based incentive programs on therapy session attendance in mothers who were referred by CPS for substance abuse. After baseline therapy session attendance was established in an evidence-based clinic that incorporated a telephone engagement intervention (Phase I), participants were provided free cellular telephones with limited minutes and permitted to order free meals delivered by the therapist during upcoming sessions (Phase II). The third phase was similar to Phase II, but participants were provided unlimited minutes. Results indicated that participants’ attendance was significantly improved when meals and cellular telephone minutes were contingent on attendance. Although the percentage of sessions attended by participants during Phase III was higher than Phase II, unlimited minutes and meals did not significantly enhance attendance relative to limited minutes and meals. Session attendance for significant others of these participants was significantly higher during Phase III as compared with Phase I. Session attendance of significant others was statistically similar between Phase I and II and between Phase II and Phase III. Study implications and recommendations for future research and practice are discussed in light of the findings.     

Job stress,burnout and substance use among urban transit operators: The potential mediating role of coping behaviour

Abstract

Urban transit operators, compared to other occupational groups, have higher rates of mortality and morbidity. A major risk factor is the highly stressful objective environment. This study used structural equation modelling to test a model hypothesizing that transit operators’ coping behaviours in responding to daily job hassles mediate the associations of work stress with burnout and substance use. The study sample consisted of 1231 transit operators who participated in the San Francisco MUNI Health and Safety Study. The results showed a direct and strong association between transit operators’ daily job stress and symptoms of occupational burnout even when a series of controls and coping behaviours were considered. In addition, use of “disengage-deny” and escapist strategies to cope with job stress was positively associated with burnout; the job stress–burnout association was partially mediated through such coping practices. Daily job stress was related to substance use only indirectly and mediated through burnout and use of “disengage-deny” and escapist coping strategies. “Disengage-deny” coping strategies might help reduce substance use whereas escapist coping strategies might increase such use. Overall, our findings suggest that coping behaviour may be an important correlate of transit operators’ ill health. Interventions enabling healthy coping behaviours may help reduce health risks for this occupational group.