解读利益集团在美国政治博弈中的作用

利益集团是指为实现某种特定目的、获取某种特殊利益而对政府施加影响的政治性组织。利益集团影响政府决策的方式主要有资助竞选、政治游说和司法诉讼。利益集团及其游说活动是美国现代民主政治的基本组成部分,也是滋生诸多民主问题的根源。为了使政策向本集团的利益倾斜,有组织的利益集团及其代表一直在不懈地努力着,是美国民主政治的建设者,同时又是破坏者。多元主义既有培育民主的一面,又有践踏民主的一面,因而在学术界既被防卫又被攻击。     

Communicating Research to Policymakers

This piece offers suggestions based on some things we expected to learn and from some things we did not expect to learn about communicating research to congressional policymakers. Some of these are insider discoveries from working as a professional staff member for a joint committee of the US Senate and the US House of Representatives. Other things we learned came largely as surprises from attempts to provide basic information and issue awareness about socioeconomic conditions in the Southern Black Belt directly to the Congress as well as indirectly through public interest and grassroots groups. One of the surprising discoveries, working professionally both on the inside of Congress and on the outside as social scientists, is how well social interaction actually works. And there were other surprises as well. This article is based on an August 16 panel presentation by the first author at the 2003 meeting of the American Sociological Association in Atlanta. The panel was organized by Larry Burmeister of the University of Kentucky. Material written in the first person singular in the first section of this article, “From the Inside,” is from the first author’s experiences. Later, portions of the text beginning with the subhead, “On the Outside,” and stated in the first person plural are by both authors.     

尼克松政府“家庭援助计划”的失败原因探析

尼克松政府上台后,为了克服美国家庭福利制度的弊端,提出了新的改革方案"家庭援助计划".该计划以负所得税理论为依据,以现金支付为手段,以接受工作培训为条件,对福利制度进行革命性的改革.由于计划威胁到南部和东部权势集团和一些社会利益集团的利益,最终在参议院阶段遭到否决.但是这一改革的思路被后来的福利立法所继承.     

论道德对企业创新的支持

企业创新离不开法律支持、政策导向和制度保障，但更离不开人们发自内心的道德自愿和道德自觉。道德是企业自主创新的重要人文因素，它能够直接成为企业创新的驱动力而推动企业的发展，并使企业创新产生超常规的效率。     

高校学生社团健康发展的要求

学校学生社团活动是课堂教学的延伸和补充,它在学生培养中具有独特的作用。适应社会主义市场经济对整个高等教育发展目标提出的新要求是学生社团工作的客观前提,将学生社团建设成“学习型组织”是学生社团工作的方向,不断满足大学生成长的需要是学生社团工作的根本。     

论社会主义民族关系与和谐社会的构建

民族关系的和谐发展直接关系到和谐社会的构建，关系到国家与社会的稳定与发展。本文就民族关系与和谐社会的关系、民族地区经济社会的全面发展、社会主义民族关系的巩固和发展、努力构建社会主义和谐社会等问题展开相应的论述。     

北宋西北边区民族法规中的罚则制度

北宋西北边区位居宋夏边防要冲，民族分布众多、成分复杂。为了加强对西北缘边的统治，政府制定了许多针对西北边区诸族的民族法律法规，但其处罚原则与内地存在着很大的差别。本文试从处刑原则与刑罚实施、法律政策与民族政策相参为用等四个方面，探讨北宋西北边区民族法律法规中的罚则制度及其鲜明的民族和地域特色。     

The role of selection in socioeconomic homophily: Evidence from an adolescent summer camp

Socioeconomic homophily in friendship networks is the result of several co-occurring processes, which are extremely challenging to disentangle. We propose to study the particular context of a three-week summer camp in France that gathered teenagers from varied socioeconomic backgrounds. We argue that this camp provides a unique opportunity to observe the sociability of adolescents in well-bounded settings with equalized meeting opportunities, thus helping us to narrow down the specific role of homophilic selection - the process by which individuals actively select similar friends. We use Stochastic Actor-Oriented Models to analyze the declared friendships of participants. Furthermore, we introduce a novel longitudinal extension of the Exponential Random Partition Model (ERPM), a model developed for relational data organized in discrete groups, which we apply to observed meal-sharing among adolescents. Results point to weak to non-existent homophilic selection during the stay. In turn, this suggests that structural opportunities and contextual moderators might be essential in explaining the amount of socioeconomic homophily found at school or in other contexts.     

The interplay of friends and parents in adolescents’ daily lives: Towards a dynamic view of social support

This daily diary study investigated the interplay of perceived friend and parent support in adolescents’ everyday lives. Specifically, we tested the interactive effects of friend and parent support on adolescent well‐being at both the intra‐ and inter‐individual level. A diverse sample of 119 adolescents (M_age = 15.36) completed diary reports for 2 weeks. Multivariate multilevel models demonstrated that on days adolescents felt more supported by their friends or parents, they experienced increases in their happiness and social connectedness. Additionally, parent support emerged as a protective factor for youth lacking friend support, although patterns differed at the intra‐ vs. inter‐individual level. The findings underscore the dynamic nature of social support in adolescents’ daily lives and highlight the interactive roles of friends and parents in promoting youth well‐being.