南京国民政府时期陕西烟毒未能禁绝原因探析

近代陕西烟毒泛滥严重,南京国民政府时期掀起了声势浩大的禁烟运动,把近代禁烟推向了高潮。陕西地方政府也在这期间出台了数不清的法规、条例,采取了无数的政策措施,但最终还是未能解决陕西的烟毒问题。究其原因主要体现为国民政府在禁烟问题上所具有的矛盾心态导致施禁不力、贪弊横生,而外部又有外国侵略者的不断干扰和破坏,加之陕西省本身省情的特殊复杂性使陕西烟毒问题较之其他省份更加严重。     

试析烟草广告博弈的“囚徒困境”及政府立法的解围作用

烟草广告是促进烟草消费的重要手段。文章从阐述“囚徒困境”的本质内涵入手,通过建立烟草广告竞争博弈模型,分析了现实烟草市场竞争中的博弈行为和烟草公司的“两难选择”困境,探讨了政府立法在帮助烟草公司逃离“囚徒困境”和打破非合作式“纳什均衡”中所起的重要作用,并指出政府只有加大管制和执法力度,才能达到禁止烟草广告的最终目的。     

政治博弈与劳资冲突：1927年上海英美烟厂罢工

1927年,南京国民政府寻求关税自主,力求在烟草统税问题上有所突破时,上海英美烟厂爆发了罢工。在这次罢工中,党政各部门不只扮演调停者的角色,而是在给予罢工者以经济支持、代表他们与资方谈判的同时,还发动了一场声势浩大的全民抵货运动,使罢工坚持了110天之久。在罢工的过程中,反对英美烟公司“擅抗国税”成为最响亮的口号,工人的利益被置于次要地位。显然,政府的意图不过是要以罢工和抵货给公司施压,迫使其在烟草统税问题上妥协。罢工只是中国政府与英美烟公司政治博弈的工具而已。     

Tobacco Advertising

If advocates of bans on tobacco advertising had their complete way, most would prohibit this product outright. But this is not (yet) politically feasible. Instead, they have focussed their efforts on restricting information flows about this product. They rely on the doctrine that free speech rights apply only indirectly, if at all, to such matters of commerce. In this paper several arguments in behalf of bans on tobacco advertising are considered, and all are found invalid. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Modeling the Modification of the Risk of Radon-Induced Lung Cancer by Environmental Tobacco Smoke

The presence of environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) in homes has been implicated in the causation of lung cancer. While of interest in its own right, ETS also influences the risk imposed by radon and its decay products. The interaction between radon progeny and ETS alters the exposure, intake, uptake, biokinetics, dosimetry, and radiobiology of those progeny. The present paper details model predictions of the various influences of ETS on these factors in the U.S. population and provides estimates of the resulting change in the risk from average levels of radon progeny. It is predicted that the presence of ETS produces a very small (perhaps unmeasurable) increase in the risk of radiation-induced tracheobronchial cancer in homes with initially very high particle concentrations for both active and never-smokers, but significantly lowers the risk in homes with initially lower particle concentrations for both groups when generation 4 of the lung is considered the target site. For generation 16, the presence of ETS generally increases the radon-induced risk of lung cancer, although the increase should be unmeasurable at high initial particle concentrations. The net effect of ETS on human health is suggested to be a complicated function of the initial housing conditions, the concentration of particles introduced by smoking, the target generation considered, and the smoking status of exposed populations. This situation precludes any simple statements concerning the role of ETS in governing the incidence of lung cancer in a population.     

我国烟草专卖制度中行政执法问题研究

我国确立烟草专卖制度已经20多年,在这20多年中,烟草专卖体制不仅没有日趋完善,反而受到日益严重的冲击。烟草专卖行政执法也因其特殊性而得不到理论界的充分认识。本文着眼于烟草专卖行政执法的具体执法实践,重点分析了上路检查权、入室检查权、违法物品实施查扣权三项执法权力的矛盾,总结了烟草专卖行政执法的症结所在。     

专卖体制下烟草工业集团公司管控模式选择

运用制度经济学理论对中国烟草专卖制度的成因及制度变迁进行研究分析,并分析了专卖制度下以市场为取向的烟草工业企业改革现状和烟草工业集团的特点,在此基础上采用层次分析法、德尔菲法、集团管控理论等分析提出了在以行政垄断为特征的管理体制下烟草工业集团应选择以＂战略管控型＂为主导的集团公司管控模式,最后给出了战略管控模式的保障运行机制。     

垄断契约、专用资产与弱势契约主体行为研究——来自烟草种植业的经验数据

通过考察三个乡村的烟草种植业的一个典型契约,发现新制度经济学中的平等自由地签订契约的假设在这里受到了巨大的挑战。我们放松假设,通过对事实上的垄断契约下的弱势契约方的行为分析得出,农民的天然弱势地位决定了只靠农民自身无法签订平等契约,需要借助内部的联合和外力的干预成立经济联合组织才能最大限度实现契约的公平和有效性。