正在发生的革命:商标保护与公共健康博弈中的香烟平装立法简

随着控烟运动的全球化发展,越来越多的国家考虑通过香烟平装立法进行控烟。虽然香烟平装对公众健康有利,但受到各方面尤其是来自于烟草产业和知识产权组织的反对。即便如此,澳大利亚的香烟平装法于2012年12月开始实施,欧盟和其他国家的香烟平装立法也正在积极进行中。在香烟平装立法的进程中,可以发现,在知识产权（尤其是商标权）生发的商业利益与公众健康的博弈中,知识产权法被认为具有服务公共政策的功能,权利所有者的私人利益应让位于公众利益。与此同时,为了促进公共健康,以香烟平装为起点,标准化包装扩展到其他产业的可能性非常大。     

“分户经营+专业化服务”型烟农合作社服务能力指标体系的构建

为客观地评价"分户经营+专业化服务"型烟农合作社服务能力情况,采用标准化评分法建立了一套全面覆盖、可量化的评价指标体系,并应用此方法评价了湖南省LH县JN烟农合作社的服务能力。研究发现,JN烟农合作社服务能力指数为69.21%,说明当前该烟农合作社服务能力一般,还存在一些不足。并从定价与分配机制、服务机制、设备设施、社员对服务的满意程度、专业化服务广度等五个方面提出提升"分户经营+专业化服务"型烟农合作社服务能力的思路。     

THE IMPACT OF METHOD CHOICE ON META-ANALYSIS

This paper focusses mainly on three crucial choices identified in recent meta-analyses, namely (a) the effect of using approximate statistical techniques rather than exact methods, (fa) the effect of using fixed or random effect models, and (c) the effect of publication bias on the meta-analysis result. The paper considers their impact on a set of over thirty studies of passive smoking and lung cancer in non-smokers, and addresses other issues such as the role of study comparability, the choice of raw or adjusted data when using published summary statistics, and the effect of biases such as misclassification of subjects and study quality. The paper concludes that, at least in this example, different conclusions might be drawn from metaanalyses based on fixed or random effect models; that exact methods might increase estimated confidence interval widths by 5–20% over standard approximate (logit and Mantel-Haenszel) methods, and that these methods themselves differ by this order of magnitude; that taking study quality into account changes some results, and also improves homogeneity; that the use of unadjusted or author-adjusted data makes limited difference; that there appears to be obvious publication bias favouring observed raised relative risks; and that the choice of studies for inclusion is the single most critical choice made by the modeller.     

烟草装箱站压实器积料的改进

为解决烟丝装箱过程中压实器积料、漏料的问题,对排气系统进行分析及改进。通过分析可知,积料、漏料主要 是由于排气方式、排气时间以及排气通道不合理所致。排气方式的改进：将压实器改为金属网格框架及筛网搭配的形式 进行压实过程排气;通过对压实气缸进行复合式节流调速回路控制改进排气时间;通过对装箱站加装除尘管路及控制风 门进行吸尘来优化排气通道。通过整改,装箱站每块压实板的积料、漏料量由18 kg/d下降至0.9 kg/d,降低损耗95%。     

Parental Expertise,Trustworthiness, and Accessibility: Parent‐Adolescent Communication and Adolescent Risk Behavior

A communication framework of persuasion and attitude change was utilized to analyze parent‐adolescent communication about adolescent risk behavior. Three parent dimensions were deemed important: (a) perceived expertise, (b) perceived trustworthiness, and (c) perceived accessibility. Data were collected in surveys from 668 mother‐adolescent dyads in economically disadvantaged neighborhoods in New York City (N= 668). Results showed weak correspondence between how expert, trustworthy, and accessible mothers thought they were on the one hand and how their sons and daughters characterized them on the other. All dimensions were related to how often adolescents said they talked with their mothers about a risk behavior, which, in turn, was predictive of lower levels of adolescent risk behavior. Implications for future research are discussed.     

透视中国烟草企业的专利战略

随着中国加入WTO,中国的烟草行业面临着内外压力,技术创新能力是未来烟草企业在参与全球烟草市场竞争时的核心竞争力。面对国外公司在中国专利布局已经基本完成的局面,中国烟草企业应学会运用专利战略,可以采用的专利进攻战略和专利防御战略,两者也可混合运用。     

College Smoking Policies and Smoking Cessation Programs: Results of a Survey of College Health Center Directors

Abstract

College students' cigarette smoking rose dramatically during the 1990s. Little is known about what colleges do to address the problem. Health center directors at 393 4-year US colleges provided information (response rate: 65.1%) about college policies addressing smoking and the availability of smoking cessation programs. Of the health center directors surveyed, 85% considered students' smoking a problem; yet only 81% of colleges prohibit smoking in all public areas and only 27% ban smoking in all indoor areas, including students' rooms in dormitories and in private offices. More than 40% of the respondents reported that their schools did not offer smoking cessation programs and that the demand for existing program was low. Colleges need to do more to discourage student tobacco use. Recommended actions include campus-wide no-smoking policies that apply to student residences and identification of new ways of providing smoking prevention and cessation services.     

Social Facilitation Expectancies for Smoking: Psychometric Properties of a New Measure

Abstract

Objective: Expectancies about social outcomes for smoking are relevant to college student smokers, who frequently report “social smoking.” A new measure, the Social Facilitation Expectancies (SFE) scale, was developed to assess these beliefs. Participants: The SFE was administered to undergraduate college student smokers (N = 1,096; study completed in May 2011). Methods: Items were scored on a 5-point scale with a summed total score. The sample was randomly split and principle axis factoring and confirmatory factor analysis applied to determine scale structure. The structure was tested across sex and smoking groups and validation analyses were conducted. Results: A 9-item, 1-factor scale was replicated within each group. Higher SFE scores were observed among those with greater smoking experience and higher scores were associated with greater endorsement of other smoking-related beliefs. Conclusions: These preliminary findings provide support for the sound psychometric properties of this measure for use with young adult college students.     

An Assessment of America's Tobacco-Free Colleges and Universities

Abstract

Objective: This study examined the extent to which US campuses identified as “100% tobacco-free” by the American Lung Association of Oregon adhered to the American College Health Association's the most recent guidelines and recommendations promoting tobacco-free environments in colleges and universities. Participants: A key informant from 162 of 175 institutions (92.6% response rate) completed an online survey between January 2010 and February 2010. Methods: The variables under study were assessed via a cross-sectional research design. Participants completed a 35-item survey regarding their school's tobacco policies, procedures, and enforcement practices. Results: Although the vast majority of schools had written policies and procedures in place, schools with current policies were the most compliant. Numerous opportunities for improved adherence were identified in the results. Conclusions: Findings from this study may help institutions in the development and implementation of a new tobacco policy, as well as strengthen policies among existing tobacco-free schools.     

Social influences on use of cigarettes,e-cigarettes,and hookah by college students

ABSTRACT

Objectives: (1) Compare social norms and perceived peer use between college student cigarette, e-cigarette, and/or hookah users and nonusers; and (2) determine variables associated with social influences. Participants: Undergraduate students attending a large university in the Southeast United States (N = 511). Methods: An April 2013 online survey assessed use of 3 types of tobacco, social norms, perception of peer use, number of smokers in life, exposure to secondhand smoke, and demographic characteristics. Results: Participants indicated greater acceptance of emerging tobacco products than for cigarettes and consistently overestimated the percent of peers who use various tobacco products. Males and current users had higher social norm scores for all 3 forms of tobacco. Conclusion: To counter marketing of alternative tobacco products, education about the dangers of their use needs to be implemented across college campuses as part of a comprehensive tobacco control strategy that also includes tobacco-free campus policies.