Improving Flood Risk Communication by Focusing on Prevention‐Focused Motivation

This article proposes an approach to flood risk communication that gives particular emphasis to the distinction between prevention and promotion motivation. According to E. Tory Higgins, the promotion system and the prevention system are assumed to coexist in every person, but one or the other may be temporarily or chronically more accessible. These insights have far‐reaching implications for our understanding of people's reasoning about risks. Flood risk communication framed in terms of prevention involves the notions of chance and harm, woven into a story about particular events that necessitate decisions to be more careful about safety issues and protect one's family and oneself from danger. The article describes how the insights worked out in practice, using a flood risk communication experiment among a sample from the general population in a highly populated river delta of the Netherlands. It had a posttest‐only control group design (n = 2,302). The results showed that risk communication had a large effect on the participants’ responses and that this effect was higher among chronic prevention‐focused people than among others. Any information that increased the fit between a prevention‐framed message and a person's chronic prevention motivation produced stronger situationally induced, prevention‐focused responses. This may significantly improve communication about risks. In contrast, the notion of water city projects, featuring waterside living, had more appeal to promotion‐focused people.     

Changes in At-Risk American Men's Crime and Substance Use Trajectories Following Fatherhood

Fatherhood can be a turning point in development and in men's crime and substance use trajectories. At-risk boys (N = 206) were assessed annually from ages 12 to 31 years. Crime, arrest, and tobacco, alcohol, and marijuana use trajectories were examined. Marriage was associated with lower levels of crime and less frequent substance use. Following the birth of a first biological child, men's crime trajectories showed slope decreases, and tobacco and alcohol use trajectories showed level decreases. The older men were when they became fathers, the greater the level decreases were in crime and alcohol use and the less the slope decreases were in tobacco and marijuana use. Patterns are consistent with theories of social control and social timetables.     

Postmining Management in France: Situation and Perspectives

Even if most French mines are definitively closed, potential risks remain above the abandoned sites. In addition to surface instability, some mining sites may be affected by dangerous gas emissions, flooding events, or environmental impacts. Those kinds of disorders strongly influence the land-use management of the concerned areas. The present article presents the French mining historical context and identifies the major kinds of residual risks and harmful effects that may affect abandoned mine sites. The prevention policy applied on the national territory is then discussed and prospects for further developments are proposed.     

高校腐败的变化趋势及其预防机制研究

随着高等教育的快速发展,国家对高校的投入力度不断增加,高校经费得到了急剧增长。与此同时,高校也成为腐败多发易发的重点领域,一些腐败案例引起了社会各界的广泛关注。文章基于对高校腐败现状的研究,分析高校腐败的特点和变化趋势,进而提出高校腐败预防机制,为高校反腐倡廉建设的创新和发展提供理论参考。     

清末奉天万国鼠疫研究会考论

奉天万国鼠疫研究会是在清政府应对1910年末到1911年初东北三省鼠疫过程中,认识到亟须向国外学习先进的防控经验的前提下召开的。会议由中国倡议并主办,共有来自12个国家的34位正式代表参加。从1911年4月3日（三月初五日）至4月28日（三月三十日）在奉天（今沈阳）召开,其间共举行大会24次,形成决议45项,确定了许多国际通行的防疫准则,为此后的国际防疫合作奠定了基础;同时,这次国际会议也大大推动了中国近代公共防疫事业的发展。奉天万国鼠疫研究会是由清政府主办的中国近代史上第一次国际学术会议。     

基于solaris平台的DNS服务器侦测和阻止DOS攻击的实现

DNS服务器所面临的威胁集中表现出了互连网的脆弱性,针对DNS服务器的拒绝服务攻击是DNS服务器面临的最大威胁.提出了一种针对查询攻击进行侦测和阻止的思路,并且在solaris的平台上用perl语言来实现,能够保证DNS服务器有效地抵御常规攻击,为正常用户提供及时的服务.同时,本文也对伪造源IP的分布式拒绝服务攻击提出了一种解决方案.     

One or Two Session Psychotherapy with University Students

Abstract

One or two session psychotherapy has a long history, and well-known practitioners have made use of it. Favorable results have been reasonably well documented. Often it has been done out of necessity, less frequently because all were satisfied that it sufficed. Problems that lend themselves to one or two sessions are: psychological work which has already been done but for which affirmation is sought, requests for diagnostic evaluation, and less often but more challenging, intrapsychic conflict requiring uncovering work. Patient characteristics and therapist attitudes are discussed. For one or two sessions of treatment to occur the therapist must be alert to the possibility, must assess quickly when a case is in hand, set the process in motion, and determine a satisfactory stopping point. It is suggested that the college population lends itself especially well to one or two sessions of psychotherapy, not only from the standpoint of the limited resources of many student health services but also for the ego strengthening potential it provides.     

Ethnicity versus Ethnic Identity: What Predicts Substance Use Norms and Behaviors?

ABSTRACT

Although researchers often incorporate various measures of ethnicity and ethnic identity (EI) into research about substance use, the relationships among ethnicity, EI, and substance use remain unclear (Marsiglia, Kulis, & Hecht, 2001; Phinney, 1996). This paper explores whether ethnicity and three EI instruments are useful in predicting substance use outcomes among three samples of ethnically diverse middle school youth. Findings include that age, gender, and/or racial or ethnic group membership influenced the strength of EI and that age, sex, and strength of EI influence substance use norms and behaviors. In each case where significant effects were obtained, a stronger sense of EI as measured by two of the instruments predicted more negative attitudes toward, and less use of, alcohol, cigarettes, and marijuana. Implications for preventing substance use among middle school youth by building on and strengthening ethnic identity are provided.     

监狱行刑目的之层次剖析

监狱行刑目的应是刑罚目的的具体体现，具体的内容包括报应目的、特殊预防目的和罪犯回归社会目的。报应目的是人类历史上刑罚产生根本原因和刑罚属性在监狱行刑中的体现；特殊预防包含着现代刑罚理念的合理元素，是对人权的尊重和人本主义的提倡；罪犯回归社会是社会和谐的根本，是整个社会的切实愿望，也是监狱行刑的终极目的。三目的相互衔接，前一目的为后一目的的手段，后一目的为前一目的之实现提供方向，形成了平衡与和谐的监狱行刑目的的统一整体。