‘She is looking at me! Shall I share?’ How Chinese and American preschoolers respond to eye gaze during sharing

Previous research shows that the recipient's verbal communication about desires increases young children's sharing behavior. The current study examined how an adult partner's non‐verbal communication through eye gaze influenced sharing behavior in children from different cultures. We presented one hundred forty‐six 3‐ to 5‐year‐old American and Chinese children with a Dictator Game, in which they were asked to distribute resources between themselves and an experimenter. Children were randomly assigned to three conditions, in which the experimenter alternated her gaze between the child and the items that she wanted, or looked randomly around the room, or left when the child made decisions about sharing but claimed to come back later. Results showed that Chinese children shared more than American children did in the alternating‐gaze condition, but not in the other two conditions; furthermore, the experimenter's alternating gaze influenced Chinese children to be more generous, but had no significant effect on American children. This suggests that compared to American children, Chinese children may be more compliant with others’ requests communicated through a subtle cue of eye gaze. The study demonstrates important differences in sharing behaviors between American and Chinese preschoolers, and these differences are consistent with the cultural constructs of individualism and collectivism.     

试论语言符号与非语言符号的共性与个性

语言符号与非语言符号的共性是：既有物质性,又有精神性;既有任意性,又有非任意性;既有概括性,又有抽象性;既有民族性,又有全人类性。二者的个性是：能指不同;能指的组合不同;能指与所指的关系不同;用法与功能不同;形成与发展情况不同。     

试析科学语体中双部动词句的语义结构

目前我国俄语教科书中虽有对句子语义的描述，但是双部动词句仍被排除在外，本文则专门对科学语体中双部动词句的语义结构予以系统的分析研究。     

A Preliminary Investigation of Risks for Adverse Outcomes of Relationship Seeking on Social Network Sites (SNS): A Descriptive Study of Women Over 50 Seeking Relationships on MySpace in Hillsborough County,Florida

In contrast to younger populations, little attention has been paid to the increase in seniors using Internet-based venues to find relationships and the potential risk for adverse outcomes this poses. This study examined data collected via an online survey from 45 ethnically diverse women aged 50+ “seeking relationships” on MySpace. The majority of women reported a relationship with someone they met online (85%). They also reported experiencing adverse events including financial exploitation (40%), threats (55%), and physical harm (38%) by someone they met online at levels greater than traditional relationship seeking in the general population. Directions for future research are explored.     

认知语言学视域下的幽默言语心理机制解读

幽默言语是人类日常话语中经常出现的一种语言交际形式,对幽默语言研究的历史可谓源远流长。了解幽默言语的认知心理过程可以帮助读者正确、完整并且深刻地理解幽默话语的内涵。本研究在认知语言学的大框架里,以幽默语义脚本理论为基础,结合关联理论和概念整合理论对幽默言语的生成及解读过程中的心理机制进行了探讨。     

略论修辞艺术寓于第二语言教学的实践意义

第二语言教学的最终目标就是培养学生言语交际的能力,强调言语交际的得体性.现代修辞学理论重视研究语言材料在具体的言语活动中的使用规律,追求最佳交际效果,其思想可为第二语言教学实践提供有效的理论指导,提高学生的言语交际能力.     

语用含糊：言语交际的好帮手

语用含糊是日常言语交际中的普遍现象,对这种现象进行研究是有必要的。何自然先生指出语用含糊并不是人们交流中产生挫折、沮丧和焦虑的原因,语用含糊都是人们日常交流的一个好帮手。兹在证实这种现象在口头交际中的积极意义以及进一步阐释它在日常交流中的积极效用。语用含糊的元语用意识、"省力原则"以及"反威胁面子行为"都证实了语用含糊的积极意义;说话人、听话人以及会话都是含糊的受益者。     

“Scissors,Please”: The Practical Accomplishment of Surgical Work in the Operating Theater

The focus of this article is on professional activity in the operating theater. We explore how surgeons and nurses organize their activities, how social interaction is used to help structure and define situations, and how differentials in knowledge are constructed and oriented to. We utilize some ideas and concepts from symbolic interactionism, ethnomethodology, and conversation analysis to analyze small clips of audio‐ and video‐recorded interaction. Focusing on how surgeons and nurses request, provide, and apply surgical instruments, the analysis shows how surgical work is accomplished through talk and bodily conduct. We conclude that, examined in detail, the social interaction between surgeons and nurses is analytically inseparable from the “technical” demands of their work.     

PERCEPTION OF SENIOR CENTERS BY THE BLACK ELDERLY

This study explored the impact of the neighborhood senior center on the black elderly by determining their perception of senior centers. Three groups of black elderly were interviewed: attenders of a neighborhood senior center (n = 46), non-attenders in the same community (n = 33), and non-attenders in a comparable community without a neighborhood senior center (n = 27). A 29-item interview schedule was conducted that determined awareness of senior center activities and services. Significant differences were found among the three groups with the attenders and non-attenders in the same community having the highest level of awareness of senior center activities and services. Age, sex and marital status were not found to influence perception of senior centers. The findings suggest that the neighborhood senior center needs to be further examined as a model for serving minority elderly.     

浅谈话语理解的语用推理过程

在认知语用学的框架下，语言交际被认为是明示一推理的认知过程，研究的重点是话语的理解，其唯一标准就是话语的关联性。明示-推理过程中是以发话者的交际意图作为基础、受话者去推理识别这一交际意图的过程。