将被害人行为引入刑法视野的必然性之探究

2012年修订的《刑事诉讼法》将刑事和解从地方性的制度实践上升到国家程序法层面,但这改变不了包括刑事和解在内的整体被害人行为被刑法忽略、漠视的现状。实际上,被害人行为存在于犯罪发生的全过程,不仅影响着行为人犯罪性质的认定,也会作为刑罚处罚条件影响着犯罪人刑事责任的追究与刑罚的裁量。因此,将被害人行为引入刑法视野有着深刻的必然性,这不仅是部门法之间协调统一的需要,也是刑法自身的公平理念的实现、法益保护机能的扩张、社会危害性的合理评价之需求。     

论侵权行为法中受害人的同意

在侵权行为法中,受害人同意是指,受害人就他人特定行为的发生或者他人对自己权益造成的特定损害后果予以同意并表现在外部的意愿。它可以是明示的,也可以是默示的。合法有效的受害人同意包括以下几项要件:必须有明确具体的内容;真实的、自愿的;受害人具有同意能力;加害人尽到充分的告知、说明义务;不得违反法律的强行性、禁止性规定以及公共秩序、善良风俗。合法有效的受害人同意能够作为违法阻却事由或抗辩事由,从而免除加害人的侵权责任。但是,受害人对于犯罪行为的同意既不能免除加害人的刑事责任,也不能免除民事责任。受害人的同意与受害人故意、自甘冒险、免责条款之间既存在相同点,也有不同之处。     

Argument-inconsistency in charity appeals: Statistical information about the scope of the problem decrease helping toward a single identified victim but not helping toward many non-identified victims in a refugee crisis context

It is known that both the characteristics of the victims one can help and the existence of victims one cannot help influence economic helping decisions in suboptimal ways. The aim of this study was to systematically test if these two aspects interact with each other. In Studies 1 and 2, we created hypothetical charity appeals related to the Syrian refugee crisis and factorially manipulated characteristics of victims possible to help (one identified child/nine non-identified children) and presence of statistical information about the scope and nature of the problem (information-box absent/present). We found a significant interaction effect both when using self-rated helping intention (Study 1), and when using actual donation behavior as the dependent variable (Study 2). Statistical information decreased helping intentions toward a single identified child but had no, or even a small positive effect on helping nine non-identified children. In Study 3, non-student participants reading a charity appeal with both a story about one identified child and statistical information donated less often than participants reading appeals with either only a story about one identified child or only statistical information. We suggest that both emotional arguments (e.g., a story and picture of an identified child in need) and analytical arguments (e.g., detailed statistical information about the scope and nature of the problem) can make us more motivated to help refugees, but that mixing different argument-types can make charity appeals internally inconsistent and decrease donations.     

In Celebration of Virginia Olesen's Uncanny Sociological Eye

Symbolic interactionism dwells deep in the intellectual bones of Ginnie Olesen, manifest in sundry ways across a long and ambitious academic career. Here, we briefly sketch her background and then trace her scholarship featuring her interactionist and feminist contributions in four main areas: professional socialization, women, health and healing studies, qualitative methods/feminist methodologies, and the sociology of emotions/interactionist social psychology of illness. We conclude with cherished memories.     

论性犯罪被害人免受二次被害的权利

二次受害是指犯罪被害人在参与刑事诉讼的过程中,由于诉讼程序设置的不合理以及司法工作人员的不当司法行为而给被害人心理所造成的进一步伤害。性犯罪被害人的二次受害不仅使被害人出现严重的被害人化倾向,同时基于此类案件的特殊性,导致国家实现打击犯罪的诉讼目的受阻,因此,应防止不当司法行为的产生,并改变不当诉讼程序以实现对性犯罪被害人的权利保护。     

Justice that Restores

SUMMARY

Restorative justice is a movement within criminal justice that draws from a conception of justice as personal rather than impersonal. This article offers a definition of restorative justice and describes its hallmark programs: victim offender mediation, conferencing, circles, restitution, and community service. It explores the differences between restorative justice and contemporary criminal justice, including their relative strengths. Whereas criminal justice derives from an impersonal conception of justice, restorative justice draws from a personal understanding. Differences between the two views of justice are described, and a brief survey of history and cultures demonstrates that personal conceptions of justice have played, and continue to play, significant roles in shaping societies' responses to crime.     

侵财型犯罪中被害人权益救济的冲突与完善——以法院审判与执行实践为视角

对于侵财型犯罪而言,犯罪人的直接目的是通过侵犯被害人的财产而获得经济利益,被害人在此类犯罪中遭受的损失主要体现在经济利益上。现行刑法和刑事诉讼法对侵财型犯罪中被害人民事权益保护的立法,主要是围绕着追缴赃款赃物以及赔偿经济损失而展开。然而,在诸多现实案件中,被害人的合法财产往往难以通过法院判决追缴、责令退赔或另行提起民事诉讼途径获得有效救济,凸显出我国法律的内在缺陷。针对当前侵财型犯罪中被害人民事权益的保护现状,应分析其法律根源,提出完善对策,以期构建有效的刑事被害人民事权益救济制度。     

受害人同意在身体法益侵害中的界限

基于自我决定权,受害人可以同意对特定法益的侵害,但受害人对身体法益侵害的同意不是无限制的;受害人对身体法益侵害的同意只有在不违背公序良俗或社会公共利益时才是有效的,才能阻却侵害行为的违法性。在具体适用公序良俗或公共利益原则判断时,不仅要看侵害行为的结果,也要综合考量侵害行为的客观样态及行为人自身的主观样态。     

刑事诉讼中法官的救助义务——以被害人为视角的分析

不同的法律传统和民族心理是造成在刑事诉讼中被害人居于不利地位的原因。为了最大程度地保护被害人的合法权益，提高其诉讼地位，应当强化法官在刑事诉讼中的救助义务。为此，应当从权利告知义务、权利保障义务、权利救济义务三个方面着手构建完善的法官救助义务体系。     

保辜制度的医学法律思想价值

保辜制度是我国古代特有的刑事法律制度之一，我们可以从两方面挖掘其深刻的医学法律思想价值：一方面，应以谦卑审慎的态度对待医法关系，尽可能发挥二者的作用，促进司法鉴定问题和医患纠纷的协调解决；另一方面，强调加害人对被害人的救冶义务应包括医学心理学方面的效果，这是该制度所蕴涵的内容之一。