“The Motherhood Wage Gap for Women in the United States: The Importance of College and Fertility Delay”

One of the stylized facts from the past 30 years has been the declining rate of first births before age 30 for all women and the increase rate of first births after age 30 among women with four-year college degrees (Steven P. Martin, Demography, 37(4), 523–533, 2000). What are some of the factors behind womens decision to postpone their childbearing? We hypothesize that the wage difference often observed between like-educated mothers and non-mothers (Jane Waldfogel, Journal of Labor Economics, 16, 505–545, 1998a; Journal of Economic Perspectives 12(1) 137–156, 1998b) may be affected by the postponement of childbearing until after careers are fully established. Hence, we focus on college-educated women because they are typically more career-oriented than their non-college educated counterparts and also the group most often observed postponing maternity. We use individual-level data on women from the 1979 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY79) in order to control for individual-level unobserved heterogeneity as well as human capital characteristics, such as actual work experience, in our empirical analysis. We estimate wage equations, first producing base-line results to compare to the existing literature. Then, we expand the basic wage equation model to address fundamental econometric issues and the education/fertility issue at hand. Our empirical findings are two-fold. First, we find that college-educated mothers do not experience a motherhood wage penalty at all. In fact, they enjoy a wage boost when compared to college-educated childless women. Second, fertility delay enhances this wage boost even further. Our results provide an explanation for the observed postponement of maternity for educated women. We argue that the wage boost experienced by college-educated mothers may be the result of their search for family–friendly work environments, which, in turn, yields job matches with more female-friendly firms offering greater opportunities for advancement.JEL Codes: J13 and J3     

A neoclassical Kaldor model of real wage declines

A model linking macroeconomic equilibrium and income distribution in balanced growth equilibria is developed as a variant to the Kaldor model of factor shares. It departs from the original Kaldor model in assuming equal saving rates and a neoclassical production function. Macroeconomic equilibrium (national savings equal to investment) combines with competitive microeconomic behavior to determine the real wage and real interest rate. An increase in the ratio of national debt to labor reduces the real wage, explaining recent declines.     

论市场经济条件下的按劳分配

"按劳分配"是一种平等的价值观在经济领域的体现,中国当今不存在实现马克思意义上的按劳分配所要求的条件,从而也不存在马克思意义上的按劳分配.市场经济条件下劳动力要素的流动性、平均工资率的形成,同样可以实现按劳分配,但已不是马克思意义上的了.     

学校质量、受教育程度与收入

基于对2017年典型省市劳动力市场问卷调查数据的分析,深入研究学校师生比和类型不同对个人受教育程度及未来收入的影响。结果表明,一旦考虑控制能力和家庭背景因素,师生比对男性收入没有显著影响,但是师生比对女性（尤其是低能力女性）收入有显著影响。研究还发现进入选择性学校的人,尤其是男性会得到更高的收入。对于没有进入选择性学校的人而言,个体学校类型对收入的影响更大。     

Gender gaps in STEM in Japanese academia: The impact of research productivity,outside offers,and home life on pay

To understand differences in labor market outcomes between genders, economists must examine a complex array of potentially significant factors, such as institutional context, productivity differences, child-bearing and home production, and bargaining behavior. Many of these factors are not well captured by standard data sources. We use a new survey of academics in Japan to better understand the sources of gender pay differences. We find a 6% pay gap which persists when we control for research productivity, despite an institutional context shaped by explicit salary tables. We do not find a motherhood wage penalty, and the gender salary we document is not affected by differences in outside job offers.     

邯郸市涉法涉诉信访现状、原因及对策

劳动工资统计事关各级政府制定劳动政策、实行宏观决策和调控等。随着社会经济的不断发展,劳动工资统计工作也在不断地发生着变化。文章针对当前劳动工资统计中存在的问题及对策进行了初步的探讨。     

“拒不支付劳动报酬罪”的刑法分析

“恶意欠薪”现已成为社会关注的热点问题,其既是严重侵害劳动者的合法权益的行为,也是关涉民生诉求和社会稳定的隐患。《刑法修正案（八）》将“恶意欠薪”行为纳入刑法规制——“拒不支付劳动报酬罪”,如何对该罪名进行正确的诠释和适用,已经成为法学界和司法界新一轮的使命。本文围绕拒不执行劳动报酬罪的司法适用疑难问题展开讨论,期望对拒不支付劳动报酬罪的司法适用有所裨益。     

中国城镇居民劳动参与工资弹性的地区差异

中国各地区间劳动力市场相对分割,劳动力在地区间自由流动存在制度障碍,同时由于各地区经济发展水平的差异导致工资率存在较大差异,进而可能导致各地区城镇居民劳动参与行为存在较大差异。应用微观经济计量方法分析中国东中西部地区城镇居民的劳动参与行为,并估算不同地区城镇居民劳动参与的工资弹性。结果表明:在每个地区内部,女性劳动参与的工资弹性均明显大于男性劳动参与的工资弹性;随着地区工资率的上升,女性劳动参与率明显上升,劳动参与工资弹性明显下降;随着地区工资率的上升,男性劳动参与率呈现出上升趋势,但劳动参与工资弹性没有显示出持续下降趋势。因此,消除户籍制度形成的劳动力市场分割,提高工资水平,不仅能够有效地促进城镇居民的劳动参与和就业,而且有助于抑制地区之间收入差距的持续扩大。     

最低工资标准与和谐劳动关系的构建——广州、佛山、深圳最低工资标准比较研究

最低工资保障问题是构建和谐劳动关系的核心内容和难点问题。对广州、佛山和深圳最低工资标准现状进行分析,并运用ELES模型测算其最低工资标准,测算结果显示：目前三市最低工资实际标准与理论标准仍有差距,其中广州的差距最小,佛山次之,深圳的差距最大;最低工资标准与职工平均工资比例偏低,与人均GDP比例关系失调,深圳最低工资执行标准总体优于广州和佛山。鉴此,提出应以发展线水平为目标制定最低工资标准等建议。     

两部门经济周期波动模型——对卡尔多周期模型的古典解释

在古典假设及卡尔多经济周期模型的基础上,本文构建了一个包含家庭与企业的两部门经济周期波动模型。首先,将工资收入用于消费,资本性收入用于储蓄这一古典假设与卡尔多非线性函数思想相结合对模型中的消费、储蓄、投资三个函数进行重新界定;其次,卡尔多模型中储蓄投资曲线的关系在本模型中表现为企业每一期的利润决定了经济脱离一般均衡后的运行状态,一旦经济脱离一般均衡状态,企业利润的变动将引起投资的变化,投资在长期中向资本存量的转化使得工资总额与资本存量及总收入的结构比例关系随之改变,收入流量与资本存量的结构失衡最终导致经济形成周期波动之势。