Young Women's Job Mobility: The Influence of Motherhood Status and Education

Previous research has found that women who become mothers in their 20s face larger wage penalties compared to women who delay childbearing until their 30s. Explanations for this have focused on the consequences of employment breaks early in one's career and reduced opportunities in the workplace following the birth of a child. In this article, the author uses panel data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 (N = 4,566) to examine another possible explanation: differences in patterns of and wage returns to job mobility. She found that young mothers, relative to childless women, make fewer wage‐enhancing voluntary job separations and often receive lower wage returns for these separations. Educational attainment exacerbates these patterns, largely to the disadvantage of women with less education.     

Anti-Discrimination vs. Anti-Poverty? A Comparison of Pay Equity and Living Wage Reforms

SUMMARY

Welfare reform focuses attention on the potential of pay equity and living wage strategies to move women out of the ranks of the working poor. In this study, we use data from a large municipality in the Northeast to simulate implementation of the two policies and compare their relative effectiveness in raising the earnings of female- and minority-dominated jobs, narrowing gender- and race-based earnings differentials, and lifting workers out of poverty. Results show that pay equity raises salaries across-the-board, but especially among low-skilled and minority-dominated jobs, and closes the wage gap. Both pay equity and living wage dramatically reduce the incidence of poverty; living wage, however, leaves virtually untouched the type of discrimination targeted by pay equity and has little impact on the wage gap. The implications of these results for addressing the needs of women transitioning off public assistance and wage justice are discussed. We conclude that both policies should be an integral part of welfare reform efforts, as well as key planks in an overall wage justice strategy.     

Marriage and Women's Earnings from Work

Abstract

Marital status and earnings from work for women are studied using the National Longitudinal Surveys (NLS), Young Women's Cohort. The study focuses on how being continuously married affects the earnings of women from young adulthood through their pre-retirement years. Earnings from work are measured by average annual wages between 1968 and 1999. Bivariate findings suggest that marriage and family are associated with lessening the wage-earning potential of women over the life course but multivariate analysis shows no effect beyond that of other measures accounted for in the study. Education and number of hours worked are positively related to earnings outcomes and the number of dependents has a negative effect. Policy makers who are calling for an increase in marriage-promoting activities for TANF recipients are using marriage as a primary solution for eliminating poverty and thereby ignoring real ways to help women earn more for themselves and their families. The use of TANF funds for encouraging marriage in general is also of questionable economic advantage to non-welfare women.     

高等学校工资增长趋势研究

文章采用统计分析方法的多层线性模型探讨了近年来 (1997- 2 0 0 2 )高校教职工工资增长的个体差异 ,并对影响教职工工资多少和增长速度的因素进行了分析。结果表明 ,高校现行工资制度主要还是与职务、职称、工龄、学历相关的身份工资制 ,而不是与岗位、贡献、责任相关的岗位工资制 ,这一工资制度已越来越不适应高校的发展。     

从以人为本理念析民工工资优先清偿

拖欠民工工资的现象十分突出 ,严重损害民工及其家庭的生活和发展权 ,也妨碍了我国经济的有序发展。我国为民工追索工资的法制措施尚存在一定的局限性 ,以人为本 ,提升工资债权的法律地位 ,简化追索工资的诉讼程序 ,便利民工维权 ,是防范拖欠民工工资现象、保护民工合法权益、促进社会文明的根本措施。     

泛股制是收入分配制度改革的目标模式

劳动工资制度是收入分配制度的主要内容。论文从工资制度的改革入手 ,分析了全员全额浮动工资制度与泛股制的相关理论 ,指出了泛股制是全员全额浮动工资制度在与股份制相结合过程中所产生的高级形式 ,它自动利用市场经济规律 ,变得更具可操作性。并阐述了泛股制的操作方法 ,从而论证了泛股制是收入分配制度改革的目标模式     

The Persistence of Wives’ Income Advantage

Recent reports using cross‐sectional data indicate an increase in the percentage of wives who outearn their husbands, yet we know little about the persistence of wives’ income advantage. The present analyses utilize the 1990 – 1994 waves of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 (N= 3,481) to examine wives’ long‐term earnings advantage. Although a significant minority of women outearn their husbands in 1 year, considerably fewer do so for 5 consecutive years. The presence and persistence of wives’ income advantage vary by demographic characteristics, economic and human capital measures, and over the individual and marital life course. The findings suggest caution in interpreting women’s relative economic gains as signaling absolute progress toward eliminating gender inequality within marriages.     

Statistical Issues in Macroeconomic Modelling*

The paper describes the influx of mathematical statistics in economics. It focuses on an approach to macroeconometric modelling which is based on fundamental statistical concepts like the joint distribution function of all observable variables for the whole sample period. The methodology relies on valid conditioning and marginalization of this function in order to arrive at tractable subsystems, which can be analysed with statistical methods. Two case studies—the modelling of the household sector and of wages and prices in the Norges Bank RIMINI model—highlight this.     

内陆地区劳动力逆工资趋向流动的博弈分析

内陆地区劳动力逆工资趋向流动与“民工荒”是两个不同的问题,为了厘清该问题出现的内在机理,运用序贯博弈和嵌套博弈的相关理论,采用近20年来相关最低工资标准和平均工资水平的统计数据,结合中国劳动力流动的历史阶段性和制度性背景,经过两个阶段的博弈推导,认为现阶段和未来劳动力流动方向的纳什均衡首先取决于政府选择“改善”民生的政策成本与其收益的权衡,其次取决于劳动力对除工资之外其他因素的评价,后者是子博弈完美均衡的直接决定因素。     

The incidence of subminimum pay among native and immigrant workers

This paper econometrically compares the subminimum wage propensities of immigrants and US natives using 1989 microdata. A conventional expectation is that immigrants are more likely to earn subminimum wages because of their lesser education and knowledge of labor rights. However, immigrants also tend to participate full time in the labor market and field studies suggest they provide employers an 'experienced' labor pool. Indeed, our findings indicate that immigrants by age, sex, and race/ethnic group are less likely than natives to receive subminimum wages. These findings imply that the foreign born do not contribute disproportionately to the informal economy.