油井水泥分散剂SXY在吐哈油田的应用

本文结合吐哈油田固井作业，研究了分傲荆SXY对水泥桨流变性、析水的影响，并就SXY与其它外加荆的配伍性做了评价实脸。丈章认为:SXY是-种高效、技滋型的水泥浆分散荆。     

A Probabilistic Analysis of Surface Water Flood Risk in London

Flooding in urban areas during heavy rainfall, often characterized by short duration and high‐intensity events, is known as “surface water flooding.” Analyzing surface water flood risk is complex as it requires understanding of biophysical and human factors, such as the localized scale and nature of heavy precipitation events, characteristics of the urban area affected (including detailed topography and drainage networks), and the spatial distribution of economic and social vulnerability. Climate change is recognized as having the potential to enhance the intensity and frequency of heavy rainfall events. This study develops a methodology to link high spatial resolution probabilistic projections of hourly precipitation with detailed surface water flood depth maps and characterization of urban vulnerability to estimate surface water flood risk. It incorporates probabilistic information on the range of uncertainties in future precipitation in a changing climate. The method is applied to a case study of Greater London and highlights that both the frequency and spatial extent of surface water flood events are set to increase under future climate change. The expected annual damage from surface water flooding is estimated to be to be £171 million, £343 million, and £390 million/year under the baseline, 2030 high, and 2050 high climate change scenarios, respectively.     

Exact Estimation of Demand Functions under Block-Rate Pricing

This article proposes an exact estimation of demand functions under block-rate pricing by focusing on increasing block-rate pricing. This is the first study that explicitly considers the separability condition which has been ignored in previous literature. Under this pricing structure, the price changes when consumption exceeds a certain threshold and the consumer faces a utility maximization problem subject to a piecewise-linear budget constraint. Solving this maximization problem leads to a statistical model in which model parameters are strongly restricted by the separability condition. In this article, by taking a hierarchical Bayesian approach, we implement a Markov chain Monte Carlo simulation to properly estimate the demand function. We find, however, that the convergence of the distribution of simulated samples to the posterior distribution is slow, requiring an additional scale transformation step for parameters to the Gibbs sampler. These proposed methods are then applied to estimate the Japanese residential water demand function.     

近代四川城市水源结构的空间差异性研究

基于清末民国旧方志、新中国建国后编修的新方志、东亚同文书院的饮水调查以及民国档案中的饮水统计，对近代四川123个城市的水源结构作了复原。以“四川”或“地貌区”为空间级考量，近代四川城市水源结构皆存在明显的空间差异。以井水为主的城市集中在川西平原与川中丘陵北部，以河水为主的城市集中在川东平行岭谷与盆周边缘山地，以溪泉为主的城市散布在盆周边缘山地、川西南山地与川西北高原。地理环境与取用便捷性是影响近代四川城市水源结构的主要因素，涵括“地下水位高低与凿井难易度”“城市是否濒临江河”“城市濒临江河干流或支流的差异”三个方面的影响因子。     

现代水墨人物画的价值取向探析

现代水墨人物画的发展是一段革旧鼎新的历史进程。从启蒙期、整合期、繁荣期3个阶段,分别阐释了现代水墨人物画的基本面貌及其价值取向,阐明了艺术价值的社会取向、政治取向和审美取向等价值观对绘画的主导作用。同时,从绘画观念的角度,对百年来现代水墨人物画的演变做出了综合性的梳理,重新确认了艺术＂美而未尽善＂的自由精神。     

A Systems‐Based Risk Assessment Framework for Intentional Electromagnetic Interference (IEMI) on Critical Infrastructures

Modern infrastructures are becoming increasingly dependent on electronic systems, leaving them more vulnerable to electrical surges or electromagnetic interference. Electromagnetic disturbances appear in nature, e.g., lightning and solar wind; however, they may also be generated by man‐made technology to maliciously damage or disturb electronic equipment. This article presents a systematic risk assessment framework for identifying possible, consequential, and plausible intentional electromagnetic interference (IEMI) attacks on an arbitrary distribution network infrastructure. In the absence of available data on IEMI occurrences, we find that a systems‐based risk assessment is more useful than a probabilistic approach. We therefore modify the often applied definition of risk, i.e., a set of triplets containing scenario, probability, and consequence, to a set of quadruplets: scenario, resource requirements, plausibility, and consequence. Probability is “replaced” by resource requirements and plausibility, where the former is the minimum amount and type of equipment necessary to successfully carry out an attack scenario and the latter is a subjective assessment of the extent of the existence of attackers who possess the motivation, knowledge, and resources necessary to carry out the scenario. We apply the concept of intrusion areas and classify electromagnetic source technology according to key attributes. Worst‐case scenarios are identified for different quantities of attacker resources. The most plausible and consequential of these are deemed the most important scenarios and should provide useful decision support in a countermeasures effort. Finally, an example of the proposed risk assessment framework, based on notional data, is provided on a hypothetical water distribution network.     

从国际法角度探析日本排放核废液入海问题

日本2011年4月以来的排放核废液的行为,引起国际社会的广泛关注。该行为既违反了＂对整个国际社会承担的义务＂,也违反了日本依据《联合国海洋法公约》、《伦敦倾废公约》和《及时通报核事故公约》所应承担的义务。同时,因其并不符合《伦敦倾废公约》所规定的免责条件,日本政府也无权援引《伦敦倾废公约》的例外条款为自己开脱责任。     

史念海先生与关中水环境的研究

回顾史念海研究关中地区水环境的缘起,总结史念海研究关中水环境的主要成就,阐释史先生关中地区水环境研究的价值。史先生经世致用的学术指导思想形成于抗战初年,贯穿于黄土高原历史地理研究和关中地区水环境研究之中。史先生全面地复原和分析了关中地区的水环境,尤其对西汉时期起所谓＂八水绕长安＂的水环境,进行认真仔细的考察。而且对关中有关人工渠道进行了复原,从而使我们对西安附近的河流和重要的渠道,有一个比较清晰的认识。史先生认为西安地区诸河流量的变迁与该地区植被的存废密切相关,而地震、旱？对河流流量的变迁影响不大。通过对泾渭清浊历史变迁的考察,史先生认为泾渭清浊变迁与当地植被的存毁与水土流失有着密切的关系。史先生提出了改善西安水环境的具体措施,就是要多植树造林。     

气候变化与中国水安全

气候变化带来了与水有关的变化,主要表现在温度、降水量、暴雨频次、海平面高度、台风频次、河川径流、干旱灾害的频次、冰川雪盖和湖泊面积、湿地面积等方面的变化上。气候变化影响防洪、供水、水利工程以及水生态的安全。因此,必须要发展水利,转变经济发展模式,加强水土保持,从身边的小事做起,支持低碳经济。     

沉淀剂对铜锰复合氧化物组成结构及催化性能的影响

采用KOH和NaOH作沉淀剂,通过共沉淀法合成铜锰复合氧化物,运用XRD、TG-DSC、TPR、BET等对其进行了表征,并测定了其对变换反应的催化性能.研究结果表明,采用NaOH作沉淀剂时,沉淀物前驱体主要为Mn3O4和Cu2+1O,而选用KOH为沉淀剂时,则主要为碱式硫酸铜Cu4+2SO4(OH)6.2H2O;焙烧后两种沉淀剂所合成样品均转化为Cu1.5Mn1.5O4;用于变换反应后NaOH作沉淀剂的样品主体为Cu和MnO,而用KOH作沉淀剂的样品主体却为Cu、MnO与Mn.虽然KOH为沉淀剂所得沉淀终产物(前驱体)样品比表面积较大,但经过焙烧和反应后,NaOH为沉淀剂所得样品比表面积都要比相应的KOH为沉淀剂样品高50%以上.NaOH作沉淀剂所合成样品的TPR为只有一个还原峰的单一还原反应过程,而KOH作沉淀剂的样品TPR反应过程复杂,在150~900℃为多步反应过程,出现了多个反应峰.对于变换反应,以KOH作沉淀剂所制备样品失活速度极快,而以NaOH作沉淀剂所制备样品的催化活性显著高于以KOH作沉淀剂所制备样品,且具有良好的热稳定性.