中日水污染刑事立法比较研究

相对日本完善的水污染刑事立法,我国对水污染犯罪仅作了原则性规定,不仅缺乏独立的罪名,而且具有处罚范围狭窄,刑事处罚不力等弊端,从而影响到对水污染犯罪的刑事制裁。借鉴日本经验,我国应在以下几个方面对水污染刑事立法加以完善：设置独立的水污染罪;规定故意和过失两种犯罪形态;明确水污染刑事制裁范围,并设置水污染罪危险犯;加大水污染犯罪的处罚力度并充分发挥罚金刑的作用。     

我国农田水利建设取得成就的制度分析

建国以来,农田水利建设取得了较为突出的成就,从制度分析的角度来看,主要原因是制度的合力,包括社会主义制度的规范与保障作用、政府治水组织体系的整合作用和农村基层组织的利益交换作用,这些制度整合了人力、物力、财力和技术等资源,并集中用于农田水利建设。研究表明,继续发挥既有的制度优势,进一步完善和优化农田水利建设、管理和运营机制,将为我国粮食安全和农业可持续发展创造有利条件。     

排污标准抑或水质标准？——《水污染防治法》控制手段的反思与重构

我国的《水污染防治法》虽然历经修订,但其对于水污染的控制手段却一直延循以技术为基础的排污标准。这种手段在内在机理与外显制度上难以实现预期立法目的,它实施成本过高,效率低下;是一种列举而非概括的控制手段,难免顾此失彼。故此,我们的立法修订不能止步于反思和完善具体制度和机制,更要反思《水污染防治法》的控制手段,重视以水质目标为标准的控制手段,并进行相应具体制度的构建。制度构建中应注重水质标准体系的立体化、灵活性和立法上的兼容性。     

基于遗传粒子群算法的供水系统优化调度

针对某城市供水系统,建立了大型供水系统的多目标混合离散变量的优化调度模型,采用遗传粒子群混合算法对调度模型进行了求解,实现了该供水系统的直接优化调度,并与传统遗传算法优化调度的过程及结果进行了对比,新算法在优化时间、优化结果及求解效率等方面都具有较强的优越性.     

关于水土保持可持续发展概念的探讨

水土保持可持续发展问题作为一个全新的话题受到了众多学者专家的关注,但水土保持可持续发展的基础理论研究比较薄弱。在参阅国内外文献的基础上,对水土保持可持续发展的内涵、研究内容、评价方法等问题进行了初步的探讨。     

高效失水堵漏剂在塔河油田二叠系的应用

对S119-3井井深5115m石炭系储层作承压堵漏试验,经过4次惰性材料桥塞堵漏未成功,改用高效失水堵漏剂HHH与清水配置堵漏。该剂具有高效、高失水、高强度等特点,但在配置高密度堵漏浆时,存在悬浮能力差,失水量快,一旦静止很容易沉积于罐底、管线和钻杆中;当堵漏浆与井壁接触,迅速失水、泥饼增厚、结块、易卡钻具。通过实验调整CMC加量为0.15％,提高堵漏浆悬浮能力和延缓其全失水时间。大样全失水时间较长,超过预期控制全失水时间40~60min,大样120min没有完成失水,达到堵漏设计中施工时间要求。实际1.46g/cm3的堵漏浆没有沉淀和堵塞管道,堵漏获得成功,为后期施工井堵漏提供了可靠的依据     

Modeling spatial learning in rats based on Morris water maze experiments

The Morris water maze, developed by Morris (J Neurosci Methods 1984: 11: 47–60), is a behavioral experiment designed to test the spatial memory. When repeating the experiment several times, the changes in time (latency) and distance (path) taken to reach the platform are indicators for the learning and memory abilities of the rat. In juvenile toxicity studies, it is of interest to test whether dosing juvenile rats with some compound of interest has an effect on its learning ability. The traditional analysis uses non‐parametric tests to check for a possible dose‐effect. However, due to the many tests performed, this approach lacks power. Here, an alternative method is proposed, accounting for the longitudinal design of the study, the right‐censoring of observations when animals did not find the platform and the correlation between the time and distance taken to reach the platform. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A Fuzzy Decision Tree for Fault Classification

In plant accident management, the control room operators are required to identify the causes of the accident, based on the different patterns of evolution of the monitored process variables thereby developing. This task is often quite challenging, given the large number of process parameters monitored and the intense emotional states under which it is performed. To aid the operators, various techniques of fault classification have been engineered. An important requirement for their practical application is the physical interpretability of the relationships among the process variables underpinning the fault classification. In this view, the present work propounds a fuzzy approach to fault classification, which relies on fuzzy if-then rules inferred from the clustering of available preclassified signal data, which are then organized in a logical and transparent decision tree structure. The advantages offered by the proposed approach are precisely that a transparent fault classification model is mined out of the signal data and that the underlying physical relationships among the process variables are easily interpretable as linguistic if-then rules that can be explicitly visualized in the decision tree structure. The approach is applied to a case study regarding the classification of simulated faults in the feedwater system of a boiling water reactor.     

塔里木河流域天然植被生态水权及其计量研究

塔里木河流域天然植被退化等生态环境问题主要源于天然植被生态水权内涵界定模糊与缺少计量和分配,为此界定了天然植被生态水权,确定了计量方法与模型,计算了天然植被生态水权需求。研究表明:天然植被生态水权的实际主体和执行主体及其所有权等权利和承担的责任的明确界定,成为生态水权分配的权责保证,而且天然植被生态水权需求计量成为生态水权分配的基础;塔河流域天然植被生态水权需求为61.598亿m3,主要集中在干流,年内需求又在6-9月和3-5月;除阿克苏河流域以草地生态水权需求为主外,其它流域天然植被生态水权需求都以草地和林地生态水权需求为主,其中正常生长天然植被生态水权需求又占主导地位,这成为流域绿洲生态水权时空分配的基础。     

我国水资源变迁的历史回顾--以黄河流域为例

当前我国环境问题,实由历史积渐而成.环境恶化诸问题中,以水资源枯竭最为严重.这在黄河流域最为典型.我国古代人们原本对水资源十分重视和珍惜,然而由于北方游牧民族的长期入侵,黄河上游西北干旱半干旱区屯垦戍边,开发农耕,成为汉族王朝长期的国策,以至积千年之累,西北地区水资源消耗殆尽.黄河中游关中地区因千年建都,统治阶级竭泽而渔,随着森林的大量砍伐,水资源也濒临危机.黄河下游平原因自西汉以来单一农耕经济的确立,庞大帝国对粮食的需求,进行极度的开发,加上中上游水土流失的影响,河道淤浅,湖泊淤塞,水环境逐渐恶化.汉唐的繁荣实以牺牲黄河流域环境为代价,但也是实出无奈.这是我国数千年来两难的抉择.今后如何协调发展和环境问题,值得认真研究.