以和平换水——阿以冲突中的水资源问题

中东是世界上水资源最贫乏的地区之一。在历史上的阿以对抗中,由水资源引发的冲突一直占据着重要的位置。本文对阿以水资源冲突的原因、现状做了比较详细的分析说明,并对有关的水资源解决方案的实施条件做了一定的分析。作者认为没有和平就无法解决阿以的水资源纷争,即"以和平换水"。     

30℃Na2CO3—Na2SO4—NaCl—H2O体系溶解度的研究

本文主要报道了30℃ Na_2CO_3—Na_2SO_4—NaCl—H_2O 四元体系及 Na_2CO_3—Na_2SO_4—H_2O,Na_2CO_3—NaCl—H_2O,Na_2SO_4—NaCl—H_2O 三个三元水盐体系的溶解度的测定结果,绘制了三元、四元体系相图,对各体系相图的构成进行了分析讨论。本文涉及的三元、四元体系对天然碱矿合理利用及成矿规律具有理论指导意义。     

城市水污染人群健康危险度评价系统分析方法

环境污染对健康损害的经济计量研究大都集中于大气污染的损害评估，多年来一直对水污染所造成的健康损害研究较少。采用公共卫生学领域评价人群健康的指标——YPLL(潜在寿命损失年)，提出城市水污染人群健康危险度定性定量系统分析评价方法；以西安市为案例，应用修正人力资本法分别采用不同的价值评估方法——VPLL(潜在寿命损失年法)、VSL(统计生命价值法)及WTP(支付意愿法)对西安市水污染人群健康损害造成的经济损失进行了价值评价。     

试论良好水文化环境的营造

根据江泽民同志“三个代表”和“营造良好的文化环境”的重要思想 ,文章从水文化事业、水文化活动、水文化设施、水文化政策等方面发表了个人意见 ,提出繁荣水利行业文化事业的设想。     

关中地区水资源价格研究

通过论述水资源价格的内涵,指出现阶段关中地区水资源价格体系中存在的问题是价格体系不能全面反映自然条件及市场调节作用。这既不利于水资源管理,也不利于水资源的合理开发利用与保护。据此提出了制定关中地区水资源价格应考虑的原则,并建立了水资源定价模型。     

Treating and Drinking Well Water in the Presence of Health Risks from Arsenic Contamination: Results from a U.S. Hot Spot

The Safe Drinking Water Act of 1974 regulates water quality in public drinking water supply systems but does not pertain to private domestic wells, often found in rural areas throughout the country. The recent decision to tighten the drinking water standard for arsenic from 50 parts per billion (ppb) to 10 ppb may therefore affect some households in rural communities, but may not directly reduce health risks for those on private wells. The article reports results from a survey conducted in a U.S. arsenic hot spot, the rural area of Churchill County, Nevada. This area has elevated levels of arsenic in groundwater. We find that a significant proportion of households on private wells are consuming drinking water with arsenic levels that pose a health risk. The decision to treat tap water for those on private wells in this area is modeled, and the predicted probability of treatment is used to help explain drinking water consumption. This probability represents behaviors relating to the household's perception of risk.     

Data Available for Evaluating the Risks and Benefits of MTBE and Ethanol as Alternative Fuel Oxygenates

The wide-scale use of methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE) in gasoline has resulted in substantial public controversy and action to ban or control its use due to perceived impacts on water quality. Because oxygenates are still required under federal law, considerable research has focused on ethanol as a substitute for MTBE. In this article, we summarize the currently available literature on the air and water quality risks and benefits of MTBE versus ethanol as alternative fuel oxygenates. We find that MTBE-fuel blends are likely to have substantial air quality benefits; ethanol-fuel blends appear to offer similar benefits, but these may be at least partially negated because of ethanol's propensity to increase emissions and ambient concentrations of some air contaminants. Releases of gasoline containing either MTBE or ethanol could have an impact on some drinking water sources, although the impacts associated with MTBE tend to relate to aesthetics (i.e., taste and odor), whereas the impacts associated with ethanol generally relate to health risk (i.e., greater exposure to gasoline constituents such as benzene). It is likely that these water quality impacts will be outweighed by the air quality benefits associated with MTBE and perhaps ethanol use, which affect a much larger population. A lack of data on environmental exposures and associated health impacts hinders the completion of a comprehensive quantitative risk-benefit analysis, and the available air and water quality data should be evaluated in a broader risk-management context, which considers the potential life-cycle impacts, costs, and feasibility associated with alternative fuel oxygenates.     

Infrastructure Vulnerability Assessment Model (I-VAM)

Quantifying vulnerability to critical infrastructure has not been adequately addressed in the literature. Thus, the purpose of this article is to present a model that quantifies vulnerability. Vulnerability is defined as a measure of system susceptibility to threat scenarios. This article asserts that vulnerability is a condition of the system and it can be quantified using the Infrastructure Vulnerability Assessment Model (I-VAM). The model is presented and then applied to a medium-sized clean water system. The model requires subject matter experts (SMEs) to establish value functions and weights, and to assess protection measures of the system. Simulation is used to account for uncertainty in measurement, aggregate expert assessment, and to yield a vulnerability (Omega) density function. Results demonstrate that I-VAM is useful to decisionmakers who prefer quantification to qualitative treatment of vulnerability. I-VAM can be used to quantify vulnerability to other infrastructures, supervisory control and data acquisition systems (SCADA), and distributed control systems (DCS).     

基于VMI理论的南水北调水资源供应链的库存协调

节点湖泊水资源库存的协调控制是南水北调工程运行管理中的重要研究内容之一.通过引入供应链的产品库存控制理论,以由长江抽水口和单个节点湖泊共同组成的简单南水北调水资源供应链为研究对象,分别建立了水资源库存集中决策、双方独立决策和VMI决策等情况下的湖泊水资源最优订货量模型和双方利润模型.在此基础上,提出了VMI策略下的水资源库存管理的转移支付协调策略,并给出了该协调策略的有效性,最后利用仿真算例对相关结论进行了验证和分析.     

循环经济——我国可持续发展水资源战略的必然选择

我国已进入完善社会主义市场经济体制的新历史时期.建立促进经济社会可持续发展的机制是完善我国社会主义市场经济体制的目标.循环经济是可持续发展的战略选择,构筑水资源保护和开发利用新模式是创立"循环型社会"的重要任务,完成这一任务的主要保证措施是节水减污、污水处理、水环境修复和污水、污泥的资源化-能源化.