透过"橱窗"看到的福利国家--一个基于瑞典的案例分析

瑞典福利国家制度的显著特征是覆盖面广、设计项目多、保障水平高,注重"公平"胜于注重"效率"。20世纪70年代后,这一制度的实施出现了财政危机,然而更深层次的危机,则是高福利所要求的高税率对人们工作积极性和国际竞争力的打击。因此使之成为改革的重点。瑞典改革案例给予中国重要启示:建设完善的社会保障制度,是实现经济发展与社会进步的必然选择,这既是政府的责任,也是人民的企盼;但制度设计要避免重蹈瑞典福利国家制度"过度"福利供给的覆辙。     

国家“新区”策略与北部湾新区开放开发

在泛北部湾区域合作全面推进形势下,广西在新一轮国家西部大开发战略的区域布局中具有举足轻重的地位和作用,"按照国家综合配套改革试验区的政策"来建设北部湾新区,探索北部湾新区的运行机制,这是当前广西开放开发的战略选择。     

清代两淮票盐制及其实态

发端于道光十年(1830)的两淮票盐制改革,是清代地方政府在面对盐业日益败坏的情况下做出的一种无奈选择。以陶澍为代表的盐政官僚希望通过改纲为票来实现推广盐业自由贸易、挽救淮盐颓废、打击私盐和确保国家盐课征收的目的。尽管改革确实在一定时期内和一定程度上发挥了积极作用,但由于受票法本身的缺陷和咸同兵燹的影响,改革最终以失败而告终。事实表明,制度的好坏除了取决于制度本身的优劣以外,同样也取决于制度的推广与执行情况。     

Globalisation, memory and welfare regimes in transition: towards an anthropology of transnational policy transfers

Processes of transnational policy transfers are of immense importance in understanding new forms of the reproduction of relations and discourses of power, and of memory and forgetfulness, within particular social welfare regimes. Transnational advice and policy transfers appear particularly unsuited to the need to address the complexities of the ways in which welfare subjects interact with welfare regimes which seek to organise their lives, a theme which touches complex issues of culture, identity and resistance, at the interface of local, national, regional and global social relations. Utilising ethnographic material from post–Yugoslav countries, particularly Bosnia–Herzegovina, this article addresses international consultancy, transnational policy advice, and project and programme documents as a specific 'genre' with its own language and power, including the power of silence. The article is based on an explicit erosion of the border between 'research' and 'consultancy'. Theoretically and empirically, a literature on 'global social policy' has paid too little attention to an emerging 'cultural' perspective on welfare which focuses much more on the social relations of welfare; the role of biographies, subjectivities and memories; and the need for forms of reflexivity and attention to the minutiae of everyday life constructed within, and itself constructive of, 'welfare' as a lived experience. Rendering the practice of policy–making as a subject for ethnographic or anthropological research may be the basis for a new action research, and for policy agendas for a democratic welfare, envisioning forms of access, voice, and empowerment, which much current transnational policy advice militates against.     

混业经营:21世纪中国金融业发展的必由之路

混业经营是世界金融业发展的大趋势,它必将对中国金融业的发展产生重要影响。文章在阐述21世纪中国金融业混业经营的客观必然性的基础上,分析21世纪中国金融业混业经营的可行条件和现实障碍,并提出21世纪中国金融业混业经营的对策。     

从制度变迁理论看我国司法改革路径的选择

中国的司法改革表面上如火如荼地进行着,实际上却收效甚微。究其原因是由于缺乏必要的司法改革路径选择。从制度变迁理论以及我国的司法改革实践来看,我国的司法改革必须走整体推进以及必要的局部试点之路。     

改革物理实验教学 注意培养创新能力

为了适应社会主义市场经济发展的需要、现代科学技术发展的需要 ,物理实验教学必须进行改革、改造。其立足点应放在培养学生的科学实验能力和素质 ,尤其是创新能力上。物理实验教学如何改革 ?首先 ,要反复论证、精心制订出符合素质教育要求、具有新内涵的物理实验教学大纲 ,按照“知识—能力—创新”的思路 ,建立新的物理实验课程体系和教学体系 ;其次 ,要改革基础物理实验 ,增设新的实验内容 ;再次 ,开展综合性实验 ,培养学生创新思维能力 ;最后 ,增设设计性实验 ,训练学生发散性思维     

Listening to 'life knowledge': a new research direction in poverty studies

This article points to a current research direction in poverty studies, which explores the knowledge of people living in poverty. The article examines three studies from the USA, Europe and Israel which give voice to the 'life knowledge' of people living in poverty regarding different aspects of their lives. Through these examples, the article examines the potential contribution of 'life knowledge', possessed by people who are welfare-reliant, to the body of knowledge concerning welfare policy. Knowledge of this sort challenges standard preconceptions about the ways in which people cope with hardship and about the ways in which assistance might be given. The article discusses the ways in which 'life knowledge' can be recognised as such and investigated, and how it might contribute to the formation of public policy.     

(Not) Taking Account of Precarious Employment: Workfare Policies and Lone Mothers in Ontario and the UK

Workfare is, at least in part, a policy response to changing labour markets and the expansion taking place in jobs that are low‐paid, irregular and insecure. For lone mothers, increasingly the focus of workfare policies, precarious employment creates special challenges. However, the nature of the jobs that are available to women on social assistance has received relatively little attention in the workfare literature, which focuses more on individual characteristics, supports to employment, and programme impacts. Drawing upon both primary and secondary sources and using Ontario, the province with the most developed workfare programme in Canada, this article examines the ways in which policies support and enforce precarious employment. The article also considers the implications of precarious employment for UK policy, which has not (yet) adopted workfare for lone mothers, although incremental steps in that direction are taking place as employment is increasingly viewed as the appropriate objective of income support programmes for lone mothers.     

Updating the Debate on Intergenerational Fairness in Pension Reform

This article examines the arguments involved in claims about the fairness or unfairness of government policies that would require current working generations to bear the full impact of their lower fertility on the costs of retirement pensions. The analysis is set in the context of a wider review of debate on the role of the idea of generational fairness in assessing options for reform under conditions of population ageing. The article considers three questions: whether generational fairness poses a serious problem for pay‐as‐you‐go pension schemes; whether it is reasonable to assess the generational fairness of pension policy in isolation from other kinds of generational transfer; and whether there is a good case for redistribution from future generations in favour of the baby boom generation.