论马克思主义哲学基本问题的现代转向

哲学的突出特点,在于其基本问题的不断转向,即不断地自我否定、自我超越和自我创造.古代本体论哲学的基本问题是存在为何物的问题,近代认识论哲学的基本问题是思维把握存在的客观性问题,马克思主义哲学的基本问题是思维把握存在的方法论问题.哲学基本问题的现代转向,必须立足于实践,重视人与自然的和谐发展.     

Comparative Potency Method for Cancer Risk Assessment: Application to Diesel Particulate Emissions1

An estimation of the human lung cancer “unit risk” from diesel engine particulate emissions has been made using a comparative potency approach. This approach involves evaluating the tumorigenic and mutagenic potencies of the particulates from four diesel and one gasoline engine in relation to other combustion and pyrolysis products (coke oven, roofing tar, and cigarette smoke) that cause lung cancer in humans. The unit cancer risk is predicated on the linear nonthreshold extrapolation model and is the individual lifetime excess lung cancer risk from continuous exposure to 1 μg carcinogen per m³ inhaled air. The human lung cancer unit risks obtained from the epidemiologic data for coke oven workers, roofing tar applicators, and cigarette smokers were, respectively, 9.3 × 10^?4, 3.6 × 10^?4, and 2.2 × 10^?6 per μg particulate organics per m³ air. The comparative potencies of these three materials and the diesel and gasoline engine exhaust particulates (as organic extracts) were evaluated by in vivo tumorigenicity bioassays involving skin initiation and skin carcinogenicity in SENCAR mice and by the in vitro bioassays that proved suitable for this analysis: Ames Salmonella microsome bioassay, L5178Y mouse lymphoma cell mutagenesis bioassay, and sister chromatid exchange bioassay in Chinese hamster ovary cells. The relative potencies of the coke oven, roofing tar, and cigarette smoke emissions, as determined by the mouse skin initiation assay, were within a factor of 2 of those determined using the epidemiologic data. The relative potencies, from the in vitro bioassays as compared to the human data, were similar for coke oven and roofing tar, but for the cigarette smoke condensate the in vitro tests predicted a higher relative potency. The mouse skin initiation bioassay was used to determine the unit lung cancer risk for the most potent of the diesel emissions. Based on comparisons with coke oven, roofing tar, and cigarette smoke, the unit cancer risk averaged 4.4 × 10^?4. The unit lung cancer risks for the other, less potent motor-vehicle emissions were determined from their comparative potencies relative to the most potent diesel using three in vitro bioassays. There was a high correlation between the in vitro and in vivo bioassays in their responses to the engine exhaust particulate extracts. The unit lung cancer risk per μg particulates per m³ for the automotive diesel and gasoline exhaust particulates ranged from 0.20 × 10^?4 to 0.60 × 10^?4; that for the heavy-duty diesel engine was 0.02 × 10^?4. These unit risks provide the basis for a future assessment of human lung cancer risks when combined with human population exposure to automotive emissions.     

On rates of convergence to infinitely divisible laws for dependent random variables

Large O and small o approximations of the expected value of a class of functions (modified K-functional and Lipschitz class) of the normalized partial sums of dependent random variables by the expectation of the corresponding functions of infinitely divisible random variables have been established. As a special case, we have obtained rates of convergence to the Stable Limit Laws and to the Weak Laws of Large Numbers. The technique used is the conditional version of the operator method of Trotter and the Taylor expansion.     

邓小平理论进课堂与教法改革

邓小平理论课是我国大学生的必修课之一 ,教师在讲授该课的过程中 ,应彻底改革以家长自居 ,颐指气使的旧观念旧教法 ,营造相互交流、平等和谐的师生关系 ,以获得良好的教学效果     

论社会关系嬗变与民政工作转型

当中国社会转型进程纵向穿越全球化横向发展空间时 ,因全新构建社会主义市场经济体制而必然引发中国社会基层公共管理权力的社会化 ,引起一般社会关系及权力结构的重组 ,引发中国传统民政工作管理模式与运行方式转型。这一客观的历史进程正促使国家力量对转型社会做出新的制度安排。这一必然的、已经发生的现象、趋势与进程 ,或许将最终形成自下而上的、国家与各平等社会主体之间依法自治的责、权、利有机统一的社会管理模式和社会良性运行体制与机制     

论《孟子》同义词显示的七种格式

运用“双重印证法”对《孟子》的篇章、段落、语句中语词与语词之间的相互关系进行分析 ,考察《孟子》原文中所蕴涵着的单音节实词的同义关系 ,在《孟子》中显示语词同义关系共有七种不同格式     

Working artefacts: ethnomethods of the prototype

This paper follows recent science studies in theorizing information technologies as socio-material configurations, aligned into more and less durable forms. The study of how new technologies emerge shifts, on this view, from a focus on invention to an interest in ongoing practices of assembly, demonstration, and performance. This view is developed in relation to the case of the 'prototype', an exploratory technology designed to effect alignment between the multiple interests and working practices of technology research and development, and sites of technologies-in-use. In so far as it is successful, the prototype works as an exemplary artefact that is at once intelligibly familiar to the actors involved, and recognizably new.     

Representing knowledge: instances of management information

Against the backdrop of discussions about the 'Information Society', the 'Informational Economy' and the role of IT in realizing organizational change we examine how representations of 'organizational knowledge' are constructed and used in work settings. We do this through the explication of ethnographic materials that detail the realization and use of Management Information (MI) in a major UK retail bank undergoing massive organizational change. We focus in particular on explicating how existing metric information was drawn upon to construct a representation of the work of the bank for those involved in managing that work. Systems designers have been increasingly interested in offering ways of conceptualizing the problem of 'knowledge' with a view to embedding these properties in systems. In the quest to develop representations of procedural knowledge to support work we argue that it is first necessary to understand how representations are actually created and used in work to support existing work practices.     

“按劳分配”评议

马克思关于未来共产主义社会初级阶段实行按劳分配原则的设想有其特定的前提和内涵;至今没有哪个国家具备这种前提条件;我国至今实行的按劳分配实际上不是也不可能是马克思设想的那种原则;应当从我国正在进行的社会主义市场经济改革和社会经济发展的实际水平出发来确定正确的分配原则。     

冯友兰方法论与朱熹工夫论

冯友兰先生的方法论有三个层次,即修养方法("求觉解"、"敬与集义")、新理学方法("正的方法"、"负的方法")、哲学史研究方法("抽象继承法").其新理学方法主要是指求觉解的方法,或者说是使人得到最高的天地境界的方法,不包括<新原人> 中所说的使人常住于道德和天地境界的"敬与集义".冯先生方法论受到朱熹工夫论的深刻影响.