试论法治与德治的互补性

对任何一个社会秩序的维系来说 ,运用法律规范的手段对社会成员实施强制作用和强调社会成员的道德自觉都是必不可少的。规范的存在和道义的重视构成社会秩序的基本经纬。解析了法治和德治的内在逻辑 ,从理论和实践两个方面分析了法治和德治之间的互补性     

Soy protein based supplementation supports metabolic effects of resistance training in previously untrained middle aged males

Abstract

Objective.?To determine changes in body composition, physical performance, metabolic and hormonal parameters induced by lifestyle counselling, resistance training and resistance training with soy protein based supplemention in middle aged males.

Design.?Randomised controlled study consisting of resistance training without (RT-G) or with (RTS-G) a soy protein based supplement and a control group with lifestyle education only (LE-G).

Subjects.?Forty healthy middle aged men (50–65 years, BMI 25–29.9 kg/m²).

Measurements.?Changes in body weight (BW) and waist circumference (WC) were measured and body composition (BC), fat mass (FM), lean body mass (LBM) were measured by skin fold anthropometry at baseline and after 12 weeks of intervention. In addition, changes in physical fitness, metabolic and hormonal parameters (lipids, glucose, fructosamines, insulin, insulin-like growth factor-1, Leptin, human growth hormone, dehydroepiandrosterone, testosterone, hs-CRP, Il-6) were evaluated.

Results.?Thirty-five participants completed the 12 week study. No significant changes in BW were noted although RM and WC dropped and LBM increased after training, particularly in the RTS group (FM 22.6?±?5.5?kg to 21.2?±?4.7?kg; LBM 68.5?±?7.2?kg to 70.1?±?7.4; p?<?0.01). Subjects in the RTS group experienced more pronounced improvements in the strength measurements than the RT group. After the training intervention there were significant changes in hormonal and metabolic parameters as well as in glycemic control, particularly in the RTS group.

Conclusions.?Our data suggest that resistance training, particularly in combination with a soy protein based supplement improves body composition and metabolic function in middle aged untrained and moderately overweight males.     

Testosterone therapy - what,when and to whom?

Testosterone therapy has been used for more than 60 years in the treatment of male hypogonadism. The classical forms of hypogonadism are comprised of primary testicular failure or insufficient testicular stimulation due to the lack of pituitary gonadotropins. Typical causes of primary hypogonadism are Klinefelter's syndrome, anorchia or acquired disturbances of testicular function. Secondary hypogonadism is characterized by insufficient production of pituitary gonadotropins, due either to pituitary failure or defects at the hypothalamic level. It is unequivocally accepted in clinical practice that any male with inadequately low testosterone production for his age will require androgen therapy. In addition to the classical forms of hypogonadism, the past decade of research has clearly demonstrated that, with increasing age, many men will suffer from decreasing testosterone production. About 15-25% of men over the age of 50 years will experience serum testosterone levels well below the threshold considered normal for men between 20 and 40 years of age. Studies substituting testosterone in elderly men with low serum testosterone have shown that men with clinical symptoms identical to the symptomatology of classical hypogonadism will benefit most from such therapy. Therefore, it is the general consensus to treat men with age-related hypogonadism only when clinical symptoms are present that can be potentially corrected by testosterone administration. Until recently, intramuscular injections of esters, such as testosterone enanthate, have been the mainstay of testosterone therapy. The introduction of testosterone patches has not challenged this approach, since many users of patches suffer from moderate to severe skin reactions. Some oral testosterone formulations have proven to be problematic, as absorption can be variable, bioavailability is frequently poor, due to the first-pass effect of the liver, and frequent administration is often required&lt;citeref rid="b1"&gt;&lt;emph&gt;¹&lt;/emph&gt;&lt;/citeref&gt;. Oral testosterone undecanoate avoids, at least partially, the first-pass effect of the liver. However, plasma testosterone levels generally undergo large fluctuations&lt;citeref rid="b2"&gt;&lt;emph&gt;²&lt;/emph&gt;&lt;/citeref&gt;. The large fluctuations in serum testosterone levels caused by conventional intramuscular injections result in unsatisfactory shifts in mood and sexual function in some men, which, combined with the frequency of injections, make the intramuscular mode of delivery far from ideal. Recently, a hydroalcoholic gel containing 1% testosterone has proven to be as efficient as a testosterone patch, but with fewer side-effects and a higher grade of patient satisfaction&lt;citeref rid="b3"&gt;&lt;emph&gt;³&lt;/emph&gt;&lt;/citeref&gt;^-&lt;citeref rid="b4"&gt;&lt;/citeref&gt;&lt;citeref rid="b5"&gt;&lt;emph&gt;⁵&lt;/emph&gt;&lt;/citeref&gt;. Doses of 50-100 mg gel applied once daily on the skin deliver sufficient amounts of testosterone to restore normal hormonal values and correct the signs and symptoms of hypogonadism. The gel has been shown to be effective and successful in patients in the United States, who have benefited from its availability for almost 3 years. In the near future, intramuscular injections of testosterone undecanoate will become commercially available. Such injections have a very favorable pharmacokinetic profile, with one injection every 3 months maintaining serum testosterone well within the normal range. In phase III studies, intramuscular testosterone undecanoate proved to be as efficient as testosterone enanthate, with only one-quarter of the number of injections required and more stable serum testosterone levels. Thus, the new application modes - hydroalcoholic gel (for example, Testogel®, Schering AG, Germany) and intramuscular testosterone undecanoate (Nebido®, Schering AG, Germany) - appear to be the methods of choice in the near future, one being very suitable for hormone therapy in elderly men, the other for long-term substitution in classical forms of hypogonadism.     

How to help the aging male? Current approaches to hypogonadism in primary care

Hypogonadism is a common condition which occurs more frequently in older men. It is characterized by low testosterone (T) and is associated with symptoms which are often nonspecific. A key symptom is low libido, but it can also be associated with erectile dysfunction, reduced muscle mass and strength, increased body fat, reduced bone mineral density and osteoporosis, reduced vitality, and depressed mood. Hypogonadism is linked with a variety of comorbid conditions including erectile dysfunction, metabolic syndrome, diabetes, obesity, and osteoporosis. However, the condition is often underdiagnosed. T supplementation in hypogonadism is associated with a range of benefits including improved sexual function, increased lean body mass and/or reduced fat mass, and improved bone mineral density. A variety of T supplementation formulations are available. Although there is no evidence of increased risk of initiating prostate cancer with T supplementation, it is contraindicated in men with prostate cancer. It is important that primary care physicians are aware of both the signs and symptoms of hypogonadism, the monitoring and testing that is required and the merits and advantages of the various T preparations to ensure optimal management of the condition with a treatment approach that best suits patients’ needs.     

D-1-Partially efficiency-balance designs with at most two efficiency classes

A wide class of block designs admitting a simple analysis has been considered. The statistical properties of such designs have been indicated and the problems relating to their characterization and construction have been investigated.     

黑城出土元代签补站户文书F116：W543考释

元代蒙古政权一贯把立站作为维护统治必不可少的手段，站户即政府签发来承担站役的人户，是站赤的核心力量，另立户籍。因站役繁重、给驿泛滥、自然灾害等因素以致站户生活疾苦，无力应役，大量逃亡或消乏，政府须及时签补站户，保证站赤功能的正常发挥。黑城出土了大量站赤文书，其中《签补站户文卷》中F116：W543记载元末站户消乏逃亡现象，朝廷命令各地站官及时签补站户，严格依照事产、物力、牲畜等财产标准来签补。上户、中户、下户一概签充，打破了等级限制，并招诱逃亡或迁移站户复业，以补充人数。他们一经签发，就成了站户主体，便长年累月、世世代代被束缚在驿站系统中，为站赤服务。     

Predictors of supplementation for breastfed babies in a Baby-Friendly hospital

Problem

Supplementation of breastfed babies is common during the hospital stay.

西部大开发与东西部协调发展的实现

在西部大开发过程中,如何实现东西区域协调发展,"补偿论"与"互补论"均有独到之处,但也存在一些偏颇.实现东西部协调发展,既需要全面认识西部开发背景条件的变化,也需要重新认识以往提出的"先富带后富"的梯度推进战略的实现条件及其可能性.西部发展困难的解决,需要国家特惠政策的扶持.优势互补为主,利益补偿为辅,是东部参与西部开发,实现东西部协调发展的基本方式.     

关于空白票据的法律思考

空白票据是票据法中的一个重大理论问题,也票据实践中的一个难点。空白票据行为只能是一种准票据行为,或者说类似票据行为的行为。空白票据的效力,应依空白票据是否被补充记载完全而有所不同。     

未被注意的一种修辞手法--复加

复加是一种同一事物或现象连续出现并当第二次以后出现时对其进行限定、修饰或补充的修辞手法.它由重复和增加两部分构成.所谓重复部分,就是连续出现的事物或现象;所谓增加部分,就是当事物或现象第二次出现时对其所作的限定、修饰或补充.复加不同于反复.复加的形态多种多样,有重复部分、增加部分分别是语素、词或词组的,也有重复部分、增加部分分别是不同句子成分的;有一次复加,也有二次复加等.复加具有强调、渲染、诠释等作用.