Introducing the expatriate ‘Entry-Mode’: an exploratory qualitative study of a missing link in global mobility and expatriate management research

ABSTRACT

This article introduces the novel concepts of expatriate ‘entry-modes’, ‘comb-patriates’, and ‘Fourth-Country Nationals’ (FCNs), emerging from an exploratory qualitative investigation of 51 Scandinavian expatriates in Hong Kong. Global mobility research has traditionally been overly focused on the characteristics and background variables of expatriates or accumulated experiences after arrival, and has neglected the phase and mode of entering the new host country. Unveiling new global mobility patterns is significant for multinational enterprises’ (MNE) global talent recruitment, and has implications for training and development. This is due to directing the focus towards the increasing numbers of those individuals who are not expatriating in the conventional linear fashion, such as between an MNE’s headquarter (HQ) and its subsidiaries overseas. The critical stance taken in this article is articulated through a theoretical lens comprising a social constructionist epistemology. Theoretical contributions, future research avenues, as well as managerial relevance and policy implications are also discussed.     

Crying for Food: The Mexican Myths of ‘La Llorona’ and ‘The Hungry Woman’ in Cherríe L. Moraga

The Mexican legend of ‘La Llorona’ (‘The Weeping Woman’), who drowned her children out of revenge for being abandoned by her lover, and the Aztec creation myth of ‘The Hungry Woman’ — crying constantly for food, with mouths all around her body — have inspired Chicana writers in the symbolic representation of their own yearning, be it sexual, identity-building, or anti-patriarchal. This essay seeks to lay the mythical groundwork within this topic, as well as to illustrate with some particular examples the different reappropriations of these myths in Cherríe L. Moraga, mainly in her play The Hungry Woman: A Mexican Medea (2001). With a view to opening up a past ‘that can provide a kind of road map to our future’ (: ix), these examples of transgressive women will be deprived of the feminine colonial passivity imbued by the dominant male discourse, and analysed as a complex, active, polyvalent mythological female corpus that integrates both life and death, womb and grave. This hybrid approach is inherent to the Aztec mythology on which Moraga relies in order to transcend Manichaeistic resolutions and probe the social, political, and gender reasons leading a hungry mother to commit infanticide.     

Initial teacher training: understanding ‘race,’ diversity and inclusion

There is little research which has explored how students on Initial Teacher Training (ITT) courses understand and conceptualise discourses of ‘race’, diversity and inclusion. This article will focus on student understandings of racialised identities; it will explore the discourses by which students understand what it means to be White and what it means to be Black, within the context of ITT. The article will examine the different facets and themes of identity within the context of belonging and exclusion which exist within higher education in the cultural and social contexts of English universities. The findings indicate that students’ understandings of ‘race’, diversity and inclusion on ITT courses are complex and multifaceted. The article argues that greater training is needed in relation to the practical assistance that student teachers require in terms of increasing their understanding of diversity and dealing with racism in the classroom.     

The institutional concealment of the Romanies’ culture: the ongoing legacy of Fascist Italy

This paper presents the case of the Romanies in Italy and the ‘forgotten’ nature of their genocide. The crimes committed by the Fascist regime towards these peoples during the Second World War were not disclosed until recently. In past decades it was commonly believed that Fascism had targeted Romanies merely as a problem of ‘public order’, rather than as a racial issue. This study argues that a lack of official acknowledgement, together with recent authoritarian approaches towards them (such as the introduction of 2008 ‘Nomad Emergency’ and the ongoing adoption of the highly criticized ‘camps policy’), could all be interpreted as an indirect consequence of the government's incapacity to deal with a shameful past and its unbroken ties. The existence of ‘gaps’ in Italian collective memory is now harming the health of Italy's democratic polity, allowing racism to re-emerge, while resuscitating a deep-seated belief in the ‘legendary generosity’ of Italians.     

Testing Treatment-Covariate Interaction in a Nonparametric Analysis of Covariance Model

We consider a recently introduced nonparametric model for Analysis of Covariance and derive an asymptotic test for interaction between covariate and treatment. Furthermore, we suggest data depth techniques to obtain joint confidence regions for the covariate effects in this model.

The finite sample behavior of the asymptotic method is evaluated in simulations. Application of the procedures is illustrated using an epileptic seizures and chemotherapy data set.     

On the accuracy of the bootstrap approximation of the joint distribution of sample quantiles

It is proved that the accuracy of the bootstrap approximation of the joint distribution of sample quantiles lies between O(n^?1/4) and O(n^?1/4 a_n), where (log(n))1/2=O(a_n). As an application, we investigated confidence intervals based on the bootstrap.     

On the simple step-stress model for two-parameter exponential distribution

In this paper, we consider the simple step-stress model for a two-parameter exponential distribution, when both the parameters are unknown and the data are Type-II censored. It is assumed that under two different stress levels, the scale parameter only changes but the location parameter remains unchanged. It is observed that the maximum likelihood estimators do not always exist. We obtain the maximum likelihood estimates of the unknown parameters whenever they exist. We provide the exact conditional distributions of the maximum likelihood estimators of the scale parameters. Since the construction of the exact confidence intervals is very difficult from the conditional distributions, we propose to use the observed Fisher Information matrix for this purpose. We have suggested to use the bootstrap method for constructing confidence intervals. Bayes estimates and associated credible intervals are obtained using the importance sampling technique. Extensive simulations are performed to compare the performances of the different confidence and credible intervals in terms of their coverage percentages and average lengths. The performances of the bootstrap confidence intervals are quite satisfactory even for small sample sizes.     

Empirical likelihood confidence bands for distribution functions with missing responses

Distribution function estimation plays a significant role of foundation in statistics since the population distribution is always involved in statistical inference and is usually unknown. In this paper, we consider the estimation of the distribution function of a response variable Y with missing responses in the regression problems. It is proved that the augmented inverse probability weighted estimator converges weakly to a zero mean Gaussian process. A augmented inverse probability weighted empirical log-likelihood function is also defined. It is shown that the empirical log-likelihood converges weakly to the square of a Gaussian process with mean zero and variance one. We apply these results to the construction of Gaussian process approximation based confidence bands and empirical likelihood based confidence bands of the distribution function of Y. A simulation is conducted to evaluate the confidence bands.