Transient probability functions of finite birth–death processes with catastrophes

A representation of the transient probability functions of finite birth–death processes (with or without catastrophes) as a linear combination of exponential functions is derived using a recursive, Cayley–Hamilton approach. This method of solution allows practitioners to solve for these transient probability functions by reducing the problem to three calculations: determining eigenvalues of the Q$Q$-matrix, raising the Q$Q$-matrix to an integer power and solving a system of linear equations. The approach avoids Laplace transforms and permits solution of a particular transition probability function from state i$i$ to j$j$ without determining all such functions.     

Distribution of record statistics in a geometrically increasing population

The probability function and binomial moments of the number _Nn$N_n$ of (upper) records up to time (index) n in a geometrically increasing population are obtained in terms of the signless q-Stirling numbers of the first kind, with q   being the inverse of the proportion λ$\lambda$ of the geometric progression. Further, a strong law of large numbers and a central limit theorem for the sequence of random variables _Nn$N_n$, n=1,2,…,$n=1,2,\dots ,$ are deduced. As a corollary the probability function of the time _Tk$T_k$ of the kth record is also expressed in terms of the signless q  -Stirling numbers of the first kind. The mean of _Tk$T_k$ is obtained as a q  -series with terms of alternating sign. Finally, the probability function of the inter-record time _Wk=_Tk-_Tk-1$W_k=T_k-T_{k-1}$ is obtained as a sum of a finite number of terms of q  -numbers. The mean of _Wk$W_k$ is expressed by a q-series. As k   increases to infinity the distribution of _Wk$W_k$ converges to a geometric distribution with failure probability q. Additional properties of the q-Stirling numbers of the first kind, which facilitate the present study, are derived.     

孙大雨《屈原诗选英译》的翻译特色

孙大雨的《屈原诗选英译》具有学者气度和学院派风格,译评结合、注释丰盈、弹性押韵是其主要的翻译特色。孙大雨运用“历史透视”与“价值判断”的方法对某些中外学者关于屈原其人其文的偏颇观点进行批评,并对一些有争论的问题提出翻译依据;音译加注、直译加注以及意译加注的结合有效弥补了翻译中的文化缺失,这种研究型翻译散发出浓郁的书卷气息;普遍性和灵活性协调的押韵原则体现了严谨与自由相统一的译诗观念。     

Effects of repetition and consistency of personalization treatments on response rate in mail surveys

One unequivocal finding of past research has been that follow-ups improve response rates in mail surveys. Several ways to construct sophisticated data collection systems using follow-ups in combination with other response-improving techniques are discussed, giving rise to the issue of whether repetition of techniques in each follow-up is more effective than single use in the first mailing. Two experiments were conducted to examine the effects of repeated versus single implementation of personalization of the outside envelope. A consistent use of personalization procedures in each mailing obtained a higher response rate than an inconsistent one, consisting of personalization of the first mailing with impersonal follow-ups. A second experiment showed repeated personalization to be more effective than repeated impersonal mailings.     

Log linear models for multivariate paired comparison experiments with ties

A log linear multivariate paired comparison model for ties is proposed in which the cell probabilities under independence are those given by Davidson (1970). Altham's (1970) generalized measure of association (iv) is used to compare the association structure between two models, one having full, the other having reduced association structure. Based on the model with reduced association structure, the analysis of data from a consumer preference experiment is presented.     

A cost-benefit analysis of a smoking cessation program

Smoking cessation programs are usually evaluated in terms of the percentage of participants who have stopped smoking at least 6 months after the program's completion. This paper shows how a relatively low rate of behavior change may actually result in a high ratio of benefits to costs. Cost-benefit analysis is done for a specific program but the procedures and cost estimates are generalizable to other smoking cessation programs. Benefits to the firm included reduced costs of insurance and the savings due to employee absenteeism and disability. Costs included the program costs as well as the opportunity costs of the participants. Data from the literature and from the specific program are combined to form conclusions about the effectiveness of the program.     

论EJB—J2EE的组件架构

J2EE(Java2平台企业版)架构是一种灵活的多层结构,J2EE架构的设计主要是针对分布式事务、安全处理的企业级应用,EJB就是在J2EE体系结构中的Enterprise Javabeans部分,是生成业务逻辑应用程序的主要分布式组件模型.J2EE的基石就是EJB,EJB是建立基于Java的服务器端组件的标准,它定义了如何编写服务器端组件,提供了组件与管理组件的应用服务器之间的标准约定,EjB是一种组件架构,使得开发人员能够快速开发出可扩展的企业级应用程序.     

用Struts实现MVC结构

简要介绍了Struts的概念及其构成，在此基础上用实例阐述了如何用Struts实现MVC结构．     

Ballot theorem and lattice path crossings

We consider lattice paths which cross the diagonal exactly r times, and by a simple method determine the number of such paths when the endpoint is given. Then as a byproduct we easily obtain Feller's (1968, p.84) result for crossings when the length is given.