带有能力约束的多元马氏需求报童模型

在随机需求环境下考虑带有能力约束的多产品报童问题.为了对多产品的需求进行预测,并度量其需求间的关系,本文首先建立了多元马氏需求模型.其次,在该模型的理论基础上,提出了带有能力约束的多元马氏需求报童模型,进而给出多产品的最优订购策略解.最后,利用期望需求状态的概率值及其截尾概率分析了模型最优解的性质.模型的结论表明,在能力约束的条件下,最优订购量关于左截尾概率单调递减,关于右截尾概率单调递增,而期望需求状态的概率值对最优订购量具有双重的特殊影响.     

基于以旧换新的闭环供应链决策模型

构建了3种基于以旧换新策略的闭环供应链决策模型,包括集中决策模型(C)、制造商销售第三方回收商回收模型(M3P)、零售商销售第三方回收商回收模型(R3P),并分别讨论了模型的最优定价与回收策略.通过理论与数值分析表明:制造商和整个供应链系统所获得的利润方面,模型C优于模型M3P,而模型M3P优于模型R3P;而第三方回收商所获得的利润方面,模型M3P也优于模型R3P;此外,根据产品全生命周期评估方法进行环境绩效分析,结果表明在环境绩效的表现上不存在具有绝对优势的模型.     

关联供应链网络级联失效机理及鲁棒性研究

为了分析复杂关联供应链网络在遭遇干扰事件时的鲁棒性,研究关联网络层内和层间级联失效机理.通过随机规则生成供应链无向信息层网络和有向物理层网络,描述并分析由α、β、σ等参数表征的节点负荷、容量等网络结构特性.针对存在边流量约束的情况,提出相应的失效负荷分流策略;通过构建极大簇函数,判断关联供应链网络中经分流策略后仍具运作功能的有效节点,并依据供应链信息层网络和物理层网络间一对一匹配的关联关系,构建时变失效迭代状态方程,从而有效描述关联网络间的动态失效传递.最后,在不同参数控制下,对初始单个节点故障和多个节点故障两种情况下的关联供应链网络综合鲁棒性进行数值仿真分析.按节点度从大到小、从小到大、随机3种方式去除多个节点,结果表明在β=0.5, 1, 1.5, 2 4种参数下,按度从小到大方式去除多节点,其引发的关联网络级联失效规模较之其它两种方式大;同时发现关联供应链网络在多节点去除情况下,其级联失效较之单层网络具有明显的一级相变特性,即少量的节点移除就会导致整个关联供应链网络崩溃.     

Analysing critical success factors to implement sustainable supply chain practices in Indian automobile industry: a case study

The aim of this article is to analyse the critical success factors (CSFs) behind the successful implementation of sustainable supply chain practices in Indian automobile industry. Supply chain sustainability is a critical and timely topic for the developing country like India that captures increasing concerns over sustainability, whether driven by current legislation, public interest or competitive opportunity. Identification of CSFs responsible for sustainable supply chain practices and evaluating their contextual relationships has the potential to affect future government policy, current production operations and identify new business models. In response to this, this paper intends to identify CSFs based on organisational theory and model them to implement sustainable supply chain practices in Indian automobile industry. Twenty-five CSFs to implement sustainable supply chain practices based on organisational theory are recognised by means of the literature review and in discussions with experts in one case study organisation. A solution methodology based on the interpretive structural modelling (ISM) technique is used to propose a structural model, which not only helps in understanding the contextual relationship among these CSFs, but also in determining their interdependence to implement sustainable supply chain practices. Further, the importance of CSFs has been determined based on their driving and dependence power using MICMAC analysis. Our overarching thesis is that the insights gained are useful for Indian automobile industry and would help practitioners, regulators and academicians to focus their efforts towards implementation of sustainable supply chain practices.     

逆向供应链的非合作代价分析

小微企业不仅是推动中国经济发展的重要力量,也对中国民生具有重要意义。然而,目前中国大部分小微企业生存状况并不乐观,这一现实矛盾引发了大量学者的研究兴趣。但已有关于新创小微企业营销绩效的研究被割裂从属为创业研究和营销研究两个领域,一方面,创业研究者过多地强调新创小微企业的新创弱性,忽视了企业因为新创可能具有的优势特征对企业绩效的积极影响;另一方面,新创小微企业因其特殊的组织结构和管理方式导致以成熟大中型企业为研究对象的传统营销理论部分失灵。因此,缺乏专门针对新创小微企业营销绩效的系统研究。 从顾客合法性感知视角出发,整合创业领域的新创企业特征理论和营销领域的市场导向理论,以工具-象征框架为理论框架,构建新创小微企业营销绩效影响因素的系统模型。利用中国4个城市的629家新创小微企业的问卷调查数据,采用结构方程模型方法开展实证检验。研究结果表明,充分利用新创企业资产和实施市场导向是新创小微企业提升营销绩效的两种有效途径。新创企业资产对新创小微企业意义尤其重大,它不仅对新创小微企业营销绩效具有显著的直接影响,还通过提升顾客关于企业的适应合法性感知给新创小微企业营销绩效带来积极影响;竞争导向对新创小微企业的营销绩效具有直接积极影响,也以顾客的适应合法性感知为部分中介对营销绩效产生间接影响;顾客导向对顾客的创新合法性认知有积极作用,但顾客导向和顾客的创新合法性认知对新创小微企业的营销绩效没有显著影响。 关注顾客合法性感知对新创小微企业的重要意义,从顾客感知视角提供了新创小微企业战略选择的方向,研究结果对于新创小微企业改善和提升营销绩效实践提供了新的视角和方向。     

A note on “Coordinating a supply chain for deteriorating items with a revenue sharing and cooperative investment contract”

In this short note, we first improve the proof in Zhang et al. [1] to show the strict concavity of the unit time total profit of the whole supply chain with respect to preservation technology investment without approximation. We then generalize the model of Zhang et al. [1] to a broader class of market demand functions. Additionally, theoretical results are provided to illustrate the features of the proposed model.     

Quality Management in Multi‐Level Supply Chains with Outsourced Manufacturing

Outsourcing stretches supply chains longer with added contract manufacturers responsible for the manufacturing of parts and final products. Should a firm change its quality management approach as its supply chain becomes longer with outsourced manufacturing? This paper studies a brand owner's optimal choice between two commonly used quality management approaches: an inspection‐based approach and an external failure‐based approach, in two supply chains – a dyadic supply chain and a multi‐level supply chain where the brand owner outsources manufacturing to an independent contract manufacturer. Our study finds that the brand owner's optimal choice between the two quality management approaches could be opposite in the two supply chains. Specifically, we show that if agency costs exist between the contract manufacturer and the brand owner, the brand owner may prefer an inspection‐based approach in the multi‐level supply chain in contrast to preferring an external failure‐based approach in the dyadic supply chain. In particular, inspections can be effective for the brand owner to limit the manufacturer's profit by excluding defective finished products and components, which in turn reduce agency costs in the multi‐level supply chain. Hence, the efficiency of an inspection‐based approach relative to an external failure‐based approach can be higher in the multi‐level supply chain as compared to the dyadic one. Our findings suggest that firms should adjust to changes in supply chain structures and re‐evaluate the efficiencies of different quality management approaches accordingly.     

基于微分博弈的供应链质量协调研究

文章以一个制造商和一个供应商所构成的两级供应链为研究对象,应用微分博弈的方法分析了四种不同的质量管理博弈情形下,制造商和供应商的最优质量管理策略、收益和整条供应链的总收益。研究结果表明,当制造商和供应商的收益分配比满足一定条件时,从Nash非合作质量管理博弈情形,到弱激励Stackelberg博弈情形,再到强激励Stackelberg博弈情形,最后到合作质量管理博弈情形,对于制造商、供应商以及整个供应链系统来说都是一种帕累托改进。所以,合作质量管理博弈情形是供应链质量管理所追求的最理想的情形,为了有效促进该情形的实现,文章应用Nash讨价还价模型对该情形下合作双方关于供应链系统的剩余利润分配进行了分析。最后,在对一家电风扇制造商的供应链进行调查来获得仿真数据的基础上,通过算例分析验证了理论推导的结果。     

供应链契约稳定性及其在期权博弈视角下的优化

供应链契约作为一种有效的经营合作模式,已得到理论界和企业界广泛认同,并在实际的产业化经营中占据主导地位。由于市场需求及价格波动的不确定性引发的机会主义行为,导致契约在执行过程中存在逆向选择和道德风险,严重影响了产业化组织的运行效率。为探索供应链契约模式的稳定性并制定有效的优化策略,通过静态博弈模型得出供应链契约模式价格波动区间,进而深入分析了决策参数对契约稳定性的影响。在此基础上,借助期权市场的风险规避功能,寻求风险外化通道以协调契约主体间的利益冲突,为探索供应链契约模式中供应商的高违约率问题提供新的视角。     

需求不确定条件下的制造商订单分配模型

制造商的订单分配作为供应链模型微观层面的重要组成部分,对提升整个供应链效率有很大影响,但需求层面的不确定因素加大了订单分配的难度。以按比例分配为原则,讨论在需求不确定条件下完全信息与不完全信息两类多供应商-单制造商的订单分配模型。重点研究完全信息条件下各方的分散决策和集中决策,由于后者能避免各参与方对其他决策方的边际影响,所以能够实现供应链总利润的最大化;其次又将不完全信息引入模型,讨论制造商如何通过折算因子结合已有信息对供应商的私人信息进行估计,进而做出决策。最后以需求服从正态分布为例对两类模型进行验证。