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81.
In this paper, we propose a sampling policy considering Bayesian risks. Various definitions of producer's risk and consumer's risk have been made. Bayesian risks for both producer and consumer are proven to give better information to decision-makers than classical definitions of the risks. So considering the Bayesian risk constraints, we seek to find optimal acceptance sampling policy by minimizing total cost, including the cost of rejecting the batch, the cost of inspection, and the cost of defective items detected during the operation. Proper distributions to construct the objective function of the model are specified. In order to demonstrate the application of the proposed model, we illustrate a numerical example. Furthermore, the results of the sensitivity analysis show that lot size, the cost of inspection, and the cost of one defective item are key factors in sampling policies. The acceptable quality level, the lot tolerance proportion defective, and Bayesian risks also affect the sampling policy, but variations of acceptable quality level and producer Bayesian risks, for values more than a specified value, cause no changes in sampling policy. 相似文献
82.
Agata Górny Joanna Napierała 《International Journal of Social Research Methodology》2016,19(6):645-661
We evaluate the effectiveness in empirical migration research of the respondent-driven sampling (RDS) and the quota sampling with regard to four criteria: quality of the data; sociometric diversity of the sample; geographic coverage of the sample; and cost-effectiveness. We review two surveys of ex-USSR migrants, conducted simultaneously in the Warsaw metropolitan area, each undertaken with the use of one of the two sampling methods. We find that although the RDS was considerably costlier, it enabled faster data collection and posed a lower risk of underestimating the cost of the survey. We also find that the RDS generated higher-quality data, and that it was more successful in surveying short-term circular migrants. This comparative evaluation contributes to the literature on social research methods in that it links the sampling methods with the quality and character of the data, and helps assess the usefulness and applicability of RDS in empirical migration studies. 相似文献
83.
The use of lower probabilities is considered for inferences in basic jury scenarios to study aspects of the size of juries and their composition if society consists of subpopulations. The use of lower probability seems natural in law, as it leads to robust inference in the sense of providing a defendant with the benefit of the doubt. The method presented in this paper focusses on how representative a jury is for the whole population, using a novel concept of a second ’imaginary’ jury together with exchangeability assumptions. It has the advantage that there is an explicit absence of any assumption with regard to guilt of a defendant. Although the concept of a jury in law is central in the presentation, the novel approach and the conclusions of this paper hold for representative decision making processes in many fields, and it also provides a new perspective to stratified sampling. 相似文献
84.
In this article designing of acceptance sampling plans for the truncated life test is proposed using economic approach by assuming that the lifetime of a product follows Frechet distribution based on median. The optimal sampling plans to meet the consumer’s confidence level with minimum total cost are designed. Efficiency of the proposed plan is also analyzed. 相似文献
85.
Thomas S. Shively Thomas W. Sager Stephen G. Walker 《Journal of the Royal Statistical Society. Series B, Statistical methodology》2009,71(1):159-175
Summary. The paper proposes two Bayesian approaches to non-parametric monotone function estimation. The first approach uses a hierarchical Bayes framework and a characterization of smooth monotone functions given by Ramsay that allows unconstrained estimation. The second approach uses a Bayesian regression spline model of Smith and Kohn with a mixture distribution of constrained normal distributions as the prior for the regression coefficients to ensure the monotonicity of the resulting function estimate. The small sample properties of the two function estimators across a range of functions are provided via simulation and compared with existing methods. Asymptotic results are also given that show that Bayesian methods provide consistent function estimators for a large class of smooth functions. An example is provided involving economic demand functions that illustrates the application of the constrained regression spline estimator in the context of a multiple-regression model where two functions are constrained to be monotone. 相似文献
86.
Skew-normal/independent distributions are a class of asymmetric thick-tailed distributions that include the skew-normal distribution as a special case. In this paper, we explore the use of Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) methods to develop a Bayesian analysis in multivariate measurement errors models. We propose the use of skew-normal/independent distributions to model the unobserved value of the covariates (latent variable) and symmetric normal/independent distributions for the random errors term, providing an appealing robust alternative to the usual symmetric process in multivariate measurement errors models. Among the distributions that belong to this class of distributions, we examine univariate and multivariate versions of the skew-normal, skew-t, skew-slash and skew-contaminated normal distributions. The results and methods are applied to a real data set. 相似文献
87.
Arijit Chaudhuri Tasos C. Christofides Amitava Saha 《Statistical Methods and Applications》2009,18(3):389-418
In estimating the proportion of people bearing a sensitive attribute A, say, in a given community, following Warner’s (J Am Stat Assoc 60:63–69, 1965) pioneering work, certain randomized response
(RR) techniques are available for application. These are intended to ensure efficient and unbiased estimation protecting a
respondent’s privacy when it touches a person’s socially stigmatizing feature like rash driving, tax evasion, induced abortion,
testing HIV positive, etc. Lanke (Int Stat Rev 44:197–203, 1976), Leysieffer and Warner (J Am Stat Assoc 71:649–656, 1976),
Anderson (Int Stat Rev 44:213–217, 1976, Scand J Stat 4:11–19, 1977) and Nayak (Commun Stat Theor Method 23:3303–3321, 1994)
among others have discussed how maintenance of efficiency is in conflict with protection of privacy. In their RR-related activities
the sample selection is traditionally by simple random sampling (SRS) with replacement (WR). In this paper, an extension of
an essential similarity in case of general unequal probability sample selection even without replacement is reported. Large
scale surveys overwhelmingly employ complex designs other than SRSWR. So extension of RR techniques to complex designs is
essential and hence this paper principally refers to them. New jeopardy measures to protect revelation of secrecy presented
here are needed as modifications of those in the literature covering SRSWR alone. Observing that multiple responses are feasible
in addressing such a dichotomous situation especially with Kuk’s (Biometrika 77:436–438, 1990) and Christofides’ (Metrika
57:195–200, 2003) RR devices, an average of the response-specific jeopardizing measures is proposed. This measure which is
device dependent, could be regarded as a technical characteristic of the device and it should be made known to the participants
before they agree to use the randomization device.
The views expressed are the authors’, not of the organizations they work for. Prof Chaudhuri’s research is partially supported
by CSIR Grant No. 21(0539)/02/EMR-II. 相似文献
88.
Reliability sampling plans provide an efficient method to determine the acceptability of a product based upon the lifelengths
of some test units. Usually, they depend on the producer and consumer’s quality requirements and do not admit closed form
solutions. Acceptance sampling plans for one- and two-parameter exponential lifetime models, derived by approximating the
operating characteristic curve, are presented in this paper. The accuracy of these approximate plans, which are explicitly
expressible and valid for failure and progressive censoring, is assessed. The approximation proposed in the one-parameter
case is found to be practically exact. Explicit lower and upper bounds on the smallest sample size are given in the two-parameter
case. Some additional advantages are also pointed out. 相似文献
89.
《统计学通讯:理论与方法》2013,42(4):747-756
The paper considers Bayesian analysis of the generalized four-parameter gamma distribution. Estimation of parameters using classical techniques is associated with important technical problems while Bayesian methods are not currently available for such distributions. Posterior inference is performed using numerical methods organized around Gibbs sampling. Predictive distributions and reliability can be estimated routinely using the proposed methods. 相似文献
90.
Composite samples are formed by physically mixing samples. Usually, composite samples are used to reduce the overall cost associated with analytical procedures that must be performed on each sample, but they can also be used to protect the privacy of individuals. Composite sampling can reduce the cost of identifying individual cases that have a certain trait, such as those with a rare disease or those exceeding pollution-level standards. Not much is lost by applying this method as long as the trait is relatively rare. Composite sampling can reduce the cost of estimating the mean of some process. When samples are composited, the ability to estimate the variance is lost. In spite of this, the potential savings are so great that composite samples have been used. Much of this paper deasl with the variance of estimators based on composite sampling when the porportions of hte original samples comprising the composite sample are actually random. Taking repeated samples and measurements on several composite samples complicates the prodcedure, but allows the estimation of between and within variation as well as measurement error. 相似文献