EXACT P‐VALUES FOR DISCRETE MODELS OBTAINED BY ESTIMATION AND MAXIMIZATION

In constructing exact tests from discrete data, one must deal with the possible dependence of the P‐value on nuisance parameter(s) ψ as well as the discreteness of the sample space. A classical but heavy‐handed approach is to maximize over ψ. We prove what has previously been understood informally, namely that maximization produces the unique and smallest possible P‐value subject to the ordering induced by the underlying test statistic and test validity. On the other hand, allowing for the worst case will be more attractive when the P‐value is less dependent on ψ. We investigate the extent to which estimating ψ under the null reduces this dependence. An approach somewhere between full maximization and estimation is partial maximization, with appropriate penalty, as introduced by Berger & Boos (1994, P values maximized over a confidence set for the nuisance parameter. J. Amer. Statist. Assoc. 89 , 1012–1016). It is argued that estimation followed by maximization is an attractive, but computationally more demanding, alternative to partial maximization. We illustrate the ideas on a range of low‐dimensional but important examples for which the alternative methods can be investigated completely numerically.     

声频定向扬声器DSB算法的谐波失真

依据一种新型扬声器——声频定向扬声器的基本工作原理,从理论上给出了DSB算法中调制系数对输出信号谐波失真影响的详细推导过程;并指出调制系数越小,失真度越小,但带来的负面效应是小的调制系数将使输出的信号功率相应变小。在此基础上,指出DSB算法本身存在一个12dB/倍频程的频率响应倾斜,在设计声频定向扬声器时必须采用算法预处理或换能器频响设计的方法对其进行补偿,以获得较好的声音保真效果。     

A note on the moments of stochastic shrinkage parameters in ridge regression

The purpose of this note is to gain insight on the performance of two well known operational Ridge Regression estimators by deriving the moments of their stochastic shrinkage parameters. We also show that, under certain conditions, one of them has bounded moments.     

A note on the Edgeworth approximation to the distribution of Spearman's Rho with a correction to Pearson's approximation

The approximation of Edgeworth's form of the Gram-Charlier series to the exact cumulative distribution function (c.d.f.) of Spearman's Rank Correlation Coefficient is examined. For both the uncorrected and continuity correction cases, the maximum differences between the Edgeworth approximation and the exact c.d.f. is presented for 9 ≤ n ≤ 18. A correction to a similar, earlier table for the Pearson Type II approximation is also incorporated and comparisons made.     

Citizenship and power in an agent-based model of tax compliance with public expenditure

In this paper we present a model of tax compliance with heterogeneous agents who maximize their individual utility based on income and the conjectured level of per capita public expenditure. We formally include psychological drivers in this model. These drivers affect individual behavior, such as risk aversion, together with appreciation of public expenditure, expectations about peers’ compliance and a natural inclination to comply, all of which we summarize in a quality termed “citizenship”. The enforcement system, based on random inspections, is standard and only partially known to agents.The agent-based model is simulated under a variety of settings, representing different “societies”. We use the artificial data produced by the model to estimate the effects of taxpayers’ traits on personal tax behavior and to build a compliance societal slippery slope. At the individual level, we find a positive dependence of compliance on all variables, with the significant exception of the tax rate, which has a negative impact. As far as societies are concerned, we show how aggregate tax compliance depends on composite indices of citizenship and power, and we find that the former is more important than the latter.     

杜甫研究应讲求谨严治学——为纪念杜甫逝世1230周年而作

杜甫研究在中国古代文学研究中堪称显学，一千二百年来杜甫研究成果的大量涌现，学术史的内容空前繁复与丰多，成就是主要的，缺憾也在所难免。本文就当前杜甫研究界的现状，提出杜甫研究中讲求谨严治学的必要性和迫切性。     

Large Deviation Results for Statistics of Short- and Long-memory Gaussian Processes

This paper discusses the large deviation principle of several important statistics for short- and long-memory Gaussian processes. First, large deviation theorems for the log-likelihood ratio and quadratic forms for a short-memory Gaussian process with mean function are proved. Their asymptotics are described by the large deviation rate functions. Since they are complicated, they are numerically evaluated and illustrated using the Maple V system (Char et al ., 1991a,b). Second, the large deviation theorem of the log-likelihood ratio statistic for a long-memory Gaussian process with constant mean is proved. The asymptotics of the long-memory case differ greatly from those of the short-memory case. The maximum likelihood estimator of a spectral parameter for a short-memory Gaussian stationary process is asymptotically efficient in the sense of Bahadur.     

An algorithm for computing nonparametric estimators of change‐points

An efficient FORTRAN subroutine for computing three nonparametric point estimators of change-points is offered. Estimates computed from the subroutine are obtained for two classical data sets     

企业管理系统与管理重点的匹配研究--轻管理视角下的管理山坡模型案例研究

通过轻管理视角下的管理山坡模型案例研究,提出管理的山脚、山腰、山顶不同管理需求层次应该采取的高效管理、规范管理、文化管理等3类不同的管理方法,并总结出具有实操性的管理的山脚阶段的梯形管理系统、管理的山腰阶段的不规则管理系统、管理的山顶阶段的倒梯形管理系统的主要特点和应用要点,为企业管理系统和管理重点匹配提出了具体解决方法。     

山区高速公路边坡防护的新型技术——植物草毯生态防护技术

通过对比,分析了典型的人工植被、三维植被防护、客土喷播、网袋工程等边坡生态防护技术特点和适用范围。重点介绍一种新型山区高速公路边坡生态防护技术——植被毯技术,阐述了植被毯生态防护技术的防护原理。结合六潜高速公路植被毯边坡防护工程实例,分析了这种防护措施的可行性,对其生物防护的机理、特点、设计原则、施工工艺进行探讨。为山区高速公路边坡的生态防护,尤其是劣性土质和岩质边坡生态防护提供了重要参考。