以“三个代表”重要思想为指导开创高校思想政治工作的新局面

本文首次报导牛心朴子草经化学分离制成20个不同标号试样,进行农药活性筛选包括抑制异类植草生长、刺激典型植物特征器官生长、抗植物病害等共440项生物活性的结果,由此揭示该草具有多种生物活性;特别是使用活体小株法获得了该草具有抗植物病毒高活性的新发现。     

电子商务的智能化营销

互联网和电子商务的出现,在信息获得的手段和方法上突破了传统时空观念的限制,在多方面动摇了企业经营和营销理论的根基。同时也改变了企业外部经营和购销的实务操作模式。传统行业的电子商务得到了广泛的应用,积累了大量的数据,在强大的数据库技术和数据挖掘工具的支持下,从海量的数据中挖掘出有用的信息来提高企业经营管理水平已成为热门的课题,为企业实现智能化营销提供了坚实的基础。     

Improving Intimate Partner Violence Services in Home Visiting: A Multisite Learning Collaborative Approach

Abstract

To improve intimate partner violence (IPV) service delivery, the Florida Maternal, Infant, and Early Childhood Home Visiting (MIECHV) Initiative’s continuous quality improvement (CQI) team implemented a Breakthrough Series model Learning Collaborative with eight program sites. Using mixed-methods, we: examined post-Collaborative changes in Florida MIECHV home visitors’ knowledge, system awareness, and confidence; identified strategies to address challenges in supporting families with IPV; and assessed post-Collaborative program improvements. The Collaborative included three interactive 2-day sessions, six webinars, and testing strategies using the Model for Improvement (Plan-Do-Study-Act). Three online surveys assessed changes influencing IPV screening, referrals, and safety planning. Thematic content analysis of qualitative data revealed existing barriers and strategies to address challenges. Home visitors reported accurate knowledge (change: 2.3%-34.8%), confidence (change: 31.8%-37.9%), and system awareness (change: 22.7%-53.5%) for all items from baseline to final survey. There was also an increase in rates of IPV screening (change: 88.0%-91.0%) and referrals (change: 43.0%-100.0%). Strategies for addressing challenges in supporting families experiencing IPV were identified at the individual (self-care, continuous education); interpersonal (reflective supervision, trauma-informed approach); organizational (defining success, supportive agency/program, policies); and community (collaboration with IPV service providers) levels. Lessons learned from the MIECHV IPV Learning Collaborative informed future CQI projects.     

Biological Basis of Chemical Carcinogenesis: Insights from Benzene

Benzene is one of the best studied of the known human carcinogens. It causes leukemia in humans and a variety of solid tumors in rats and mice. Decades of research on benzene metabolism, pharmacokinetics, cytotoxicity, genotoxicity, and carcinogenicity in vivo and in vitro are starting to converge on a small set of overlapping hypotheses about the most probable biological mechanisms of benzene toxicity and carcinogenicity. Although there is still room for surprises, it seems likely that the ultimate answer to the mystery of how benzene exerts its multiple effects will consist of elaborations and extensions of one or more of the current hypotheses. This paper reviews benzene health effects and biology, showing how various aspects of metabolism and cytotoxicity fit together with genotoxic and nongenotoxic effects to help explain how benzene may cause cancer. Its goals are: (i) to introduce the qualitative biological background needed for detailed quantitative dose-response modeling of benzene cancer risks; and (ii) to survey a rapidly evolving area of research that shows promise of producing fundamental insights into the mechanisms of toxicity and carcinogenesis for several chemicals--benzene and perhaps phenols, catechols, and other hydroxylated ring hydrocarbons--in the decade ahead.     

Radon Testing Behavior in a Sample of Individuals with High Home Radon Screening Measurements

Although radon exposure has been identified as the second leading cause of lung cancer, fewer than 6% of U.S. homeowners test their homes for radon. This report examines participants'follow-up radon testing behavior subsequent to receiving an initial screening radon level greater than 20 pCi/L. Sixty-two participants in the Iowa State-Wide Rural Radon Screening Survey who had radon screening measurements over 20 pCi/L were questioned by phone survey 3 months after receipt of their radon screening result to assess: whether participants were aware of radon's health risk; if participants recalled the radon screening results; how participants perceived the relative health risk of radon and whether participants planned follow-up radon testing. Only 19% of the respondents specifically identified lung cancer as the possible adverse health outcome of high radon exposure, and the majority of participants underestimated the health risks high radon levels pose when compared to cigarettes and x-rays. In addition, less than one third (29%)of the participants actually remembered their radon screening level within 10 pCi/L 3 months after receiving their screening results. Only 53% of the individuals correctly interpreted their screening radon level as being in the high range, and only 39% of the participants planned follow-up radon measurements. Receipt of radon screening test results indicating high radon levels was not an adequate motivational factor in itself to stimulate further radon assessment or mitigation. Our findings suggest that free radon screening will not result in a dramatic increase in subsequent homeowner initiated remediation or further recommended radon testing.     

STATISTICAL CHALLENGES OF AIDS: (The 1990 Knibbs Lecture, Canberra, 27 November 1990)

Issues that are central to the understanding and management of the HIV epidemic have generated numerous statistical challenges. This paper considers questions concerning the incubation period, the effects of treatments, pre diction of AIDS cases, the choice of surrogate end points for the assessment of treatments and design of strategies for screening blood samples. These issues give rise to a broad range of intriguing problems for statisticians. We describe some of these problems, how they have been tackled so far and what remains to be done. The discussion touches on topical statistical methods such as smoothing, bootstrapping, interval censoring and the ill-posed inverse problem, as well as asking fundamental questions for frequentist statistics.     

Preenrollment Immunization Policies of American Colleges: An Assessment of the Need for Policy Implementation

Abstract

Alcohol abuse among college students is prevalent, yet few instruments with sound reliability and validity are available to assess these problems in this population. As part of a large, baseline assessment battery for a prospective study of offspring of alcoholics, the 27-item Young Adult Alcohol Problems Screening Test (YAAPST) was given to 490 freshmen at a large mid western university; approximately 9 months later, 482 subjects completed the scale again. In addition to asking about such traditional problems as experiencing blackouts and driving while intoxicated, the YAAPST included specific items relating to college experiences (eg, getting into sexual situations that were later regretted, missing classes, and receiving lower grades than usual). The YAAPST was designed to assess these drinking consequences over two different time frames, lifetime and past year, and also to indicate the frequency of occurrence during the past year. Results indicated that the YAAPST is a unidimensional scale with good psychometric properties (good internal consistency and test-retest reliability). Three different approaches were used to demonstrate the validity of the YAAPST. Findings supported criterion validity (with interview-based alcohol abuse/dependence diagnoses as the criterion), concurrent validity (comparing the YAAPST with other drinking measures), and construct validity (correlating the YAAPST with etiologically relevant personality, motivational, and peer influence variables). The YAAPST is a promising screening instrument for alcohol problems in college students. It has excellent psychometric properties and the potential to provide a range of useful information to the clinician or researcher.     

Conflict and Aggression as Stressors in the Work Environment of Nursing Assistants:

Elder abuse and mistreatment occuring in institutional settings is a phenomenon that is as yet poorly understood. In considering the context in which elder abuse and mistreatment may arise, understanding the caregivers' work environment is an important variable. As front line staff, nursing assistants are subject to multiple stressors that underscore the highly interpersonal nature of caregiving. This paper describes the results of a Canadian study that examined conflict, aggression, and burn-out in one group of nursing assistants. Nursing assistant burn-out scores were similar to scores reported for other health-care workers. Subjects reported that conflict with residents most commonly related to the resident wanting to go outside the facility or personal hygiene. An analysis of incident reports indicated that less than 0.3% of the physical and verbal aggression nursing assistants endure from residents is formally acknowledged. On average, a nursing assistant in this health care facility may expect to be physically assaulted by residents 9.3 times per month and verbally assaulted 11.3 times per month. Findings indicate a slight correlation between burn-out and conflict and also between burn-out and reported aggression from residents. A statistically significant relationship was noted between conflicts with residents and resident aggression from residents.     

Cancer Screening Barriers for Community-based Older Hispanics and Caucasians

Despite advances in screening and early detection, ethnic minority populations, ages 65 and older, are less likely than Caucasians to participate in cancer screening services. Empirical research indicates that older ethnic minorities have cultural values that influence their behaviors. Addressing culturally relevant communication to better understand those values may increase participation in cancer screening. The study reported is a secondary analysis of qualitative data gathered from focus groups. Utilizing an interdisciplinary analytical lens, we compared older Hispanic and Caucasian's cultural values and their screening behaviors. Suggested psychosocial interventions are discussed to assist providers in their ongoing efforts to promote cancer screening.     

Proactive Screening for Health Needs in United Way's 2-1-1 Information and Referral Service

ABSTRACT

Cancer disproportionately affects the underserved. United Way 2-1-1 is an information and referral system that links underserved populations to community services. This study explores the feasibility of integrating proactive screening and referral to health services into 2-1-1. A cancer risk assessment was administered to callers (n = 297), measuring their need for 6 cancer control services. A subset of respondents was randomized to receive generic or tailored referrals to needed services. Nearly all participants (85%) needed at least one of the services. Those who received tailored referrals were more likely to make appointments. Future research will explore approaches to address and eliminate health disparities through 2-1-1.