Strong laws of large numbers for dependent heterogeneous processes: a synthesis of recent and new results

This paper surveys recent developments in the strong law of large numbers for dependent heterogeneous processes. We prove a generalised version of a recent strong law for Lz-mixingales, and also a new strong law for Lpmixingales. These results greatly relax the dependence and heterogeneity conditions relative to those currently cited, and introduce explicit trade-offs between dependence and heterogeneity. The results are applied to proving strong laws for near-epoch dependent functions of mixing processes. We contrast several methods for obtaining these results, including mapping directly to the mixingale properties, and applying a truncation argument.     

商事信用的基本理论框架：人格信用与财产信用的同质与异步

商事信用的类型问题是研究商事信用理论的重要环节 ,而其中人格信用与财产信用的互动与同质构成商事信用最基本的理论框架。在商事信用的范畴研究中 ,来自于人格本性的价值尊严是支持商事信用实现的深层哲学依据。但是商事信用的现实性完全颠倒了“人”与“物”的主从关系 ,从而使商事信用在理论研究与法律实践中造成了重大误解和混乱 ,此亦为本文试图解决之重大问题。     

关于《中图法》文化类类目设置问题的思考

"文化"是社会科学的重要组成部分,《中图法》文化类立类要贯彻以科学分类为基础的编制原则,其类目体系应在原来的框架结构基础上进行改造、调整和增设,以适应图书分类的实践需要。     

六朝目录学新变对文体辨析的消极影响——以"文笔说"为例

六朝时期四部分类法的逐步确立,对于文学发展而言其影响并非全然是积极的,将文体辨析限制在集部内部进行,反不能产生较为纯粹的文学观念。以当时最能体现文学独立意向的文笔说为例,文笔之分自始即在四部分类的前提下进行,但到了南朝时期,随着文学批评的不断深入,文笔论者开始本于自己的文学观念而此一前提有所突破,但终未能完全舍弃。二者间的矛盾,使得各家的文笔理论均不能贯彻到底,从而无法产生更为纯粹的文学观念。四部分类对文笔说存在此种影响的原因,是两汉以降文集创作的繁盛所导致的四部分类取代《七略》分类这一过程与文体辨析发展之间的同步性,而此种影响何以是消极的,则在于早期四部分类法实用色彩之浓重。     

Sanctioning as a social norm: Expectations of non-strategic sanctioning in a public goods game experiment

Sanctioning increases cooperation in public goods games, but not indiscriminately under all conditions and in all societies, and the mechanisms by which sanctioning exercises its impact on behavior are yet to be studied in detail. We show experimentally that in the presence of sanctioning, our experimental subjects adjust their behavior in order to avoid being a free rider. They do this not only in the STANDARD sanctions treatment, where they directly experience any sanctions assigned to them, but also in our main treatment, the SECRET sanctions treatment, where no information on sanctions received is available until the end of the experiment. We observe no such free riding avoidance in the treatment without sanctioning. The mere knowledge that sanctions might be assigned increases cooperation among the members of our subject pool; subjects expect that non-strategic sanctioning occurs against the free riders. Moreover, these expectations are correct as we observe a similar pattern and extent of sanctioning in both treatments. We propose that sanctioning in itself is a social norm and may be culturally dependent, as suggested in the literature.     

论老字号的认定和分类标准(下)

老字号是长寿的企业和企业名称品牌,是体现中国文化特质的企业形态。以北京西城老字号为研究对象,在认真总结近年来各级政府相关政策制定及实施情况的基础上,科学确定老字号的分级认定条件和分级标准体系,对于确立和提升老字号的社会地位,更好地发挥老字号在提供行业示范、优化产业结构、完善地区形象、充实城市精神、推动中华民族优秀文化传承方面的作用,扩大老字号的社会影响,以及探索新的研究思路和方法,都具有十分重要的意义。     

When Costs Are Unequal and Unknown: A Subtree Grafting Approach for Unbalanced Data Classification*

In binary classifications, a decision tree learned from unbalanced data typically creates an important challenge related to the high misclassification rate of the minority class. Assigning different misclassification costs can address this problem, though usually at the cost of accuracy for the majority class. This effect can be particularly hazardous if the costs cannot be specified precisely. When the costs are unknown or difficult to determine, decision makers may prefer a classifier with more balanced accuracy for both classes rather than a standard or cost‐sensitively learned one. In the context of learning trees, this research therefore proposes a new tree induction approach called subtree grafting (STG). On the basis of a real bank data set and several other data sets, we test the proposed STG method and find that our proposed approach provides a successful compromise between standard and cost‐sensitive trees.     

论文学文本的体裁分类

体裁分类问题的意义内涵表现于三个方面:具体文本与总体文学的中介;作者创作与读者阅读的桥梁;文学传统与个人写作的纽带。文学文本分类的根据有两点,一是文本的语言形式因素,二是文本与现实的艺术处理关系。分类根据不同,分类结果就会有差异,于是就有了中外文论史上的不同文学文本分类结果。     

国际私法性质的法理学浅析

国际私法的性质,即国际私法究竟应属于国际法还是国内法的问题,历来的争论和分歧均着眼于对国际私法规范本身的分析和研究,而问题的实质则应在法理学的层面上才能得到准确的解释。文章从"国内法"论者分析问题的方法、以及他们对国际私法目的的认识两个方面进行了分析,认为国际私法的性质应当是由国际私法的对象而不是其规范形式所决定;国际私法的目的是要对国际民商事交往当事人的行为予以制约而不是要去解决法律冲突。作者并在此基础上得出结论:国际私法应当是国际法性质的法律部门。     

A use of mixtures of two normal distributions in a classification problem

An assumption made in the classification problem is that the distribution of the data being classified has the same parameters as the data used to obtain the discriminant functions. A method based on mixtures of two normal distributions is proposed as method of checking this assumption and modifying the discriminant functions accordingly. As a first step, the case considered in this paper, is that of a shift in the mean of one or two univariate normal distributions with all other parameters remaining fixed and known. Calculations based on the asymptotic the proposed method works well even for small shifts.