Funds versus stocks: a note on constraint classification

Even if the industrial production process forms a common frame of reference, the integration of the economist's concepts of production with those of the industrial production engineer may well present a vexed problem. Yet a basic requirement to engineers and economists alike ought to be a proper understanding of the interplay between engineering and economics in the area of industrial production. One solution to this problem may be to consider the production process in the unifying sense of a constraint satisfaction problem. This approach, which is not without merit in the history of science, has its foundation in an interdisciplinary constraint classification, developed originally in analytical mechanics. To illustrate this approach, we demonstrate in this note how the two economic notions of a fund of services and a stock of goods, are recast into two distinct constraint formulations of fundamental importance in the mathematical modelling of industrial production processes.     

Euler(p,q) Processes and Their Application to Non Stationary Time Series with Time Varying Frequencies

We introduce Euler(p, q) processes as an extension of the Euler(p) processes for purposes of obtaining more parsimonious models for non stationary processes whose periodic behavior changes approximately linearly in time. The discrete Euler(p, q) models are a class of multiplicative stationary (M-stationary) processes and basic properties are derived. The relationship between continuous and discrete mixed Euler processes is shown. Fundamental to the theory and application of Euler(p, q) processes is a dual relationship between discrete Euler(p, q) processes and ARMA processes, which is established. The usefulness of Euler(p, q) processes is examined by comparing spectral estimation with that obtained by existing methods using both simulated and real data.     

Space-time Multi Type Log Gaussian Cox Processes with a View to Modelling Weeds

Log Gaussian Cox processes as introduced in Moller et al. (1998) are extended to space-time models called log Gaussian Cox birth processes. These processes allow modelling of spatial and temporal heterogeneity in time series of increasing point processes consisting of different types of points. The models are shown to be easy to analyse yet flexible enough for a detailed statistical analysis of a particular agricultural experiment concerning the development of two weed species on an organic barley field. Particularly, the aspects of estimation, model validation and intensity surface prediction are discussed.     

论现代诗人林耀的诗歌创作

林耀是活跃于20世纪40年代云南诗坛的一位回族诗人.他战斗在黎明前的黑夜中,以饱满的激情诅咒黑暗、鞭鞑丑恶,为人民的苦难和争取光明的斗争而歌唱.他的诗,以深沉炽热的感情和震撼人心的艺术力量,深深叩动一代读者的心灵,成为大时代嘹亮的战斗号角,发挥了其应有的战斗作用.     

Adaptive estimation in partially linear autoregressive models

The authors consider a partially linear autoregressive model and construct kernel‐based estimates for both the parametric and nonparametric components. They propose an estimation procedure for the model and illustrate it through simulated and real data. Their work shows that the proposed estimation procedure not only has good asymptotic properties but also works well numerically. It also suggests that a partially linear autoregression is more appropriate than a completely nonparametric autoregression for some sets of data.     

Time Use by Gender and Quality of Life

Italy has no survey that was specifically designed to measure the degree of quality of life for the population, although certain other surveys exist which contribute useful information on the issue. This paper will concentrate on the potential of using existing sample surveys and on initial studies carried out starting from the Time Use survey conducted by the National Statistical Institute in 1989.Daily activities are the key factor when analysing a person's quality of life, however, these must also be considered in context. First and foremost this context is the household, within which each person carries out more or less defined roles. The roles covered are, in fact, a crucial variable when evaluating each person's quality of life. This angle of obsevation is particularly instructive when seen in terms of developments from a gender standpoint. Interpreting a woman's lifestyle according to the presence of symmeetry of asymmetry of roles, accompanying this analysis with one covering subjective perception of satisfaction as to daily activities, is an essential approach for determining the real satisfaction derived from the different aspects of a person's daily life. In addition to conventional indicators, newly conceived indicators taking into account the division of roles can be of great help when carrying out this kind of study. In this sense the analysis of individual time use in relation to household time use represents a significant step forward when studying quality of life.     

信息化与文明休闲时代

全球信息化进程将把人类带入“休闲文明时代”。人们的休闲时间将超过工作时间 ,休闲经济将占GNP的 50 %以上 ,社会主导价值观将向“时间自由”转型 ,并进而使社会的时间结构从劳动时间轴心化过渡到劳动—休闲“两轮化”。     

试析民国时期的祖先信仰

在民国这个社会大动荡、制度大更迭、思想大发展时期,几乎所有事物都在经历着变革,作为思想范畴的祖先信仰也出现很大变化。在这一时期,由于内外诸多原因极大地打击了由祖先崇拜维系的宗族制度,在很大程度破除了附着在祖先崇拜这个神位上的封建枷锁,以祖宗之名束缚人性的制度遭到了严重破坏,在一定程度上撼动了压制子孙的这尊祖先神灵,神圣的祖先信仰已经开始动摇。但是人们对缅怀先人、尊宗敬祖的传统美德却完好地继承了下来。     

我国民族地区义务教育发展及其差距实证研究

本文遵循地理研究综合范式理论,以基础设施指标、经费指标、资料指标、教具指标和师资指标为基础指标,运用欧式贴近度模型计算出我国各个民族地区义务教育发展程度指数,运用ArcGIS10.0软件对我国民族地区义务教育发展程度指数进行空间表达。从时-空角度对我国民族地区2000年、2005年、2010年、2015年及2020年的义务教育发展程度及其差距进行研究。研究发现:(1)我国民族地区义务教育发展程度整体朝向均衡方向发展,但水平较低且其内部差异也较大。(2)同一时间截面上我国民族省区义务教育发展程度指数差异较大。(3)从2000年—2020年我国民族地区各省区义务教育发展变化形式多样且发展程度指数差异较大。(4)西藏地区义务教育发展水平较低且属于下降型。(5)我国民族地区各年度义务教育发展差距呈现增加态势。     

Gambler’s Ruin: The Duration of Play

We study the gambler’s ruin problem with a general distribution of the payoffs in each game. Assuming the expected value of the payoff distribution is negative, so that eventual ruin occurs with probability 1, we are interested in the distribution of the duration to ruin, also known as the first-passage time distribution. A generating function for this distribution is obtained. Exact expressions for the expected value and variance of this distribution, as well as asymptotic expressions for the case of large initial wealth, are derived.