我国对外资实行国民待遇原则的法律实践

对外资实行国民待遇,一般指东道国给予外资同内资同等的待遇,其内涵需要进一步明确。自1993年以来,我国有关外商投资的法律实践表明,我国已从“整平游戏场地”与“经济法和民商法的统一化”两个方面逐步对外资实行国民待遇原则。这一法律实践的重要意义首先是对在华外资待遇产生了重要影响,其次是推动了我国外资法体系的结构性调整,由相对独立的“单纯”的外资法体系转化为由专门性外资法与统一的经济法和民商法的相关规范构成的“混合法”体系。     

关爱抑或歧视——男女不同龄退休制度分析

男女不同龄退休制度是就业领域中的性别歧视,但是对此性别歧视的认定不能简单地归结为基于性别的差别对待的存在,因为并非所有的差别对待都是歧视。应该在对就业歧视的构成要素及抗辩事由进行阐释的基础上,对男女不同龄退休制度的歧视性进行分析。     

Socially disadvantaged women's views of barriers to feeling safe to engage in decision-making in maternity care

BackgroundAlthough midwifery literature suggests that woman-centred care can improve the birthing experiences of women and birth outcomes for women and babies, recent research has identified challenges in supporting socially disadvantaged women to engage in decision-making regarding care options in order to attain a sense of control within their maternity care encounters.ObjectiveThe objective of this paper is to provide an understanding of the issues that affect the socially disadvantaged woman's ability to actively engage in decision-making processes relevant to her care.Research designThe qualitative approach known as Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis was used to gain an understanding of maternity care encounters as experienced by each of the following cohorts: socially disadvantaged women, registered midwives and student midwives. This paper focuses specifically on data from participating socially disadvantaged women that relate to the elements of woman-centred care-choice and control and their understandings of capacity to engage in their maternity care encounters.FindingsSocially disadvantaged women participants did not feel safe to engage in discussions regarding choice or to seek control within their maternity care encounters. Situations such as inadequate contextualised information, perceived risks in not conforming to routine procedures, and the actions and reactions of midwives when these women did seek choice or control resulted in a silent compliance. This response was interpreted as a consequence of women's decisions to accept responsibility for their baby's wellbeing by delegating health care decision-making to the health care professional.ConclusionThis research found that socially disadvantaged women want to engage in their care. However without adequate information and facilitation of choice by midwives, they believe they are outsiders to the maternity care culture and decision-making processes. Consequently, they delegate responsibility for maternity care choices to those who do belong; midwives. These findings suggest that midwives need to better communicate a valuing of the woman's participation in decision-making processes and to work with women so they do have a sense of belonging within the maternity care environment. Midwives need to ensure that socially disadvantaged women do feel safe about having a voice regarding their choices and find ways to give them a sense of control within their maternity care encounters.     

鸦片战争后美国在华获得片面最惠国待遇问题探析

最惠国待遇条款是近代中美关系史上的一项重要条约内容。从1844年中美签订《望厦条约》起,美国即紧随英国之后在华获得了片面最惠国待遇。美国能够获得这项条款,与英国对华谈判的既定立场、清政府对美谈判所持的"一视同仁"方针、美国来华缔约谈判的既定目标,以及英美在谈判过程中的遥相呼应都有关系。而这项条款的措辞,界定了最惠国待遇极广泛的外延解释余地,并且在内容上规定了中国单方面给惠,由此才形成了中国近代史上贻害无穷的广泛的片面无条件最惠国待遇条款。     

WTO的和谐理念初探——WTO法的一种中国式解读

对和谐、和谐世界的向往,不是中国特有的,而是一种人类的共性。WTO语境下的和谐理念可以解析为"非歧视原则"中蕴含的平等观、法价值冲突的协调平衡原则以及对发展中国家(尤其是最不发达成员)的特殊与差别待遇等。多哈部长会议宣言从多方面实现了WTO和谐理念的进一步发展,体现了作为现行最为重要和行之有效的国际经济规则的WTO制度对将建立兼具自由、平等、有序、发展的和谐世界经济作为其最终价值追求的重视。     

我国出口果蔬食品农残控制现状及其发展趋势

文章综述了我国果蔬中农药残留污染的现状、农残控制状况及发展趋势,并提出了预防和控制果蔬中农药残留的措施,突破国外技术壁垒,扩大我国果蔬食品出口。     

从制度伦理的视角窥探我国"三农"问题

“三农”问题是困扰我国农村建设的核心问题。“三农”问题根源于我国的二元社会经济结构中背离了正义原则的制度缺陷。科学的制度安排是“三农”问题得以解决的基本前提。从制度伦理的视角对我国的“三农”问题进行科学的审视是一种必然。要彻底解决“三农”问题,废除城乡差别,给农民以国民待遇,必须从制度创新入手。     

加入WTO对我国外资立法的影响

WTO规则对于外商投资的协议主要有《服务贸易总协定》、《与贸易有关的投资措施协议》以及《与贸易有关的知识产权协定》。这三项协议中的一些规定与我国现行的外资法形成了冲突。为适应WTO的外商投资规则 ,我国的有关外商投资的法律法规必须修改和完善 ,同时制定一部统一的《外商投资法》也是当务之急。     

《侵权责任法》改革医疗损害责任制度的成功与不足

《侵权责任法》对医疗损害责任制度进行了成功的改革,主要表现在统一适用医疗损害责任的案由、对医疗损害责任进行科学分类、确定适合国情的归责原则体系、统一适用人身损害赔偿标准等方面,正确地处理了受害患者、医疗机构和全体患者之间的利益关系。《侵权责任法》对医疗损害责任制度的改革也存在一些不足,如没有规定举证责任缓和原则,没有规定医疗损害责任鉴定制度等,应当通过司法解释等方法予以补充完善,以协调好受害患者、医疗机构和全体患者之间的利益关系,保护好各方利益。     

谈发展中的高校社区医疗保健

就高校医疗保健机构如何适应社会主义市场经济、如何适应国家的卫生体制 3项改革、适应高等教育发展等问题 ,探讨了高校医疗保健的现状及高校社区医疗保健的任务。从社区卫生诊断角度出发 ,研究了高校社区具有的特点 ,提出了健全高校社区医疗保健机构的对策 ,把高校的医疗机构演变成社会化的公益的社区卫生服务机构作为奋斗目标