否定焦点的确定与歧义的消除

英语中的一般否定由于各种原因往往在形式和意义上出现不一致的现象,常常导致理解上的歧义。因为这种结构可能只是形式上的一般否定,实质上已经发生了否定转移,即用作了对句中某一成份进行否定的特指否定。因此,正确把握否定焦点对于消除否定歧义,保持交际的顺利进行至关重要。通过典型例句分析,探讨了发生否定转移的原因,提出了确定否定焦点消除歧义的办法。     

Uniformity pattern and related criteria for q-level factorials

The objective of this paper is to study the issue of the projection discrepancy along the line of Liu (2002) and Fang and Qin (2005) based on discrete discrepancy measure proposed in Qin and Fang (2004), which has wide application to the field of fractional factorials. Here we also study the projection properties for q-level factorials and provide connection between minimum projection uniformity and other optimality criteria. A lower bound to projection discrepancy for q-level factorials is presented here.     

教育失衡现实差异问题再审视——以宁夏农村回族女性教育为个案

女性作为教育的重要对象,她们面临更为深层、艰难的教育失衡问题。这一问题不是简单地通过加大投入、增加教育量的供给就能解决的,而是要对教育理念、教育体系本身进行反思,实现教育公平。文章以宁夏农村回族女性教育为个案,通过梳理其现实差异所在,分析了当今农村回族女性教育面临的复杂困境,从而有助于确立正确的政策导向,制定有效的公共政策,促进农村回族女性教育公平发展。     

中国城乡居民收入差距问题的回顾与思考

改革开放以来,中国在取得斐然经济成就的同时,城乡居民收入差距也令人忧虑地持续扩大,已经威胁到经济社会发展的可持续性。城乡收入差距与生产力分布的差异性以及生产关系创新进程的非均衡性有关,但城市偏向的传统制度安排更值得反思和检讨。缩小乃致最终消除城乡差距,需要持续的高强度的统筹城乡发展的政策供给,切实赋予农民平等发展的权利。     

同异反教学评价模型及应用

把集对分析中同异反定量分析思想方法引入到教学评价工作中，建立了同异反教学评价模型。     

从血缘文化看中日语言亲属词汇的差异

中日两国尽管同属东亚儒教文化圈,都具有父权家长制的“宗族”(日本为“同族”)文化传统,但由于各自传统文化中对血缘关系的不同态度,即中国重视血缘的直系与旁系的划分,日本则轻视旁系血缘,导致中日语言亲属词汇体系出现较大差异。     

A pooled Bayes test of independence for sparse contingency tables from small areas

We study the association between bone mineral density (BMD) and body mass index (BMI) when contingency tables are constructed from the several U.S. counties, where BMD has three levels (normal, osteopenia and osteoporosis) and BMI has four levels (underweight, normal, overweight and obese). We use the Bayes factor (posterior odds divided by prior odds or equivalently the ratio of the marginal likelihoods) to construct the new test. Like the chi-squared test and Fisher's exact test, we have a direct Bayes test which is a standard test using data from each county. In our main contribution, for each county techniques of small area estimation are used to borrow strength across counties and a pooled test of independence of BMD and BMI is obtained using a hierarchical Bayesian model. Our pooled Bayes test is computed by performing a Monte Carlo integration using random samples rather than Gibbs samples. We have seen important differences among the pooled Bayes test, direct Bayes test and the Cressie-Read test that allows for some degree of sparseness, when the degree of evidence against independence is studied. As expected, we also found that the direct Bayes test is sensitive to the prior specifications but the pooled Bayes test is not so sensitive. Moreover, the pooled Bayes test has competitive power properties, and it is superior when the cell counts are small to moderate.     

Weighted discrepancies and maximum likelihood estimation for discrete distributions

The paper shows that many estimation methods, including ML, moments, even-points, empirical c.f. and minimum chi-square, can be regarded as scoring procedures using weighted sums of the discrepancies between observed and expected frequencies The nature of the weights is investigated for many classes of distributions; the study of approximations to the weights clarifies the relationships between estimation methods, and also leads to useful formulae for initial values for ML iteration.     

和谐社会的哲学解读

从哲学角度对和谐社会的内涵进行解读，得到以下3个主要结论：①和谐社会以尊重差异、包容多样为前提；②和谐社会能够有效协调各种差异，使差异和多样得以共生；③社会主义和谐社会以科学发展观为指导，走可持续发展的道路。社会主义和谐社会本身就是落实科学发展观的结果，同时和谐社会也为贯彻科学发展观提供有利的社会条件，二者互相依赖，互相促进。