认知语法中的中心成分

认知语法关于中心成分的论述具有跟其他语法理论不同的特点,涉及到两个基本概念：侧面定子和背景设置成分.由此而产生的两种中心成分其实是在不同层次上起作用的,背景设置成分是完整的名词短语和小句的最高层次上的侧面定子.在认知语法中,表示屈折变化的后缀和很多派生后缀也被分析为中心成分,这些中心成分跟作为中心成分的动词和介词一样,都是依附性的.     

Network public goods with asymmetric information about cooperation preferences and network degree

We propose a game theoretical model of one-shot network public goods formalizing the ‘closure argument’ that cooperation is more frequent in denser groups or networks. Equilibrium analyses show that (i) an ‘inefficiency problem’ exists: players all preferring mutual cooperation need not all cooperate; (ii) in dyads, groups and networks with degree independence, first order stochastic dominance shifts of the distribution of cooperation preferences or the degree distribution (weakly) increases cooperation, and (iii) the latter result does not hold for networks with degree dependence. Hence the closure argument always holds in networks satisfying degree independence but not in other networks.     

Economic Status,Family Dependence,and Health Outcomes of Older People in Western Rural China

There is a deficiency in empirical knowledge on the physical and mental health of lower-income older people with weak family support in western rural China. To address this research gap, this article uses the data from the 2014 China Longitudinal Aging Social Survey to analyze the disadvantaged situation of older people in western rural China through a regional comparative analysis. Our sample consisted of 7,138 older adults aged 60 or older in eastern and western, rural and urban China. We find that lower personal income is significantly associated with poor physical and mental health. Economic support from families means more for older people when they have a disability related to activities of daily living in western rural China. Fostering stronger family support networks might improve the mental health status of older people in western rural China. Our study suggests a broader scope for the state to play a greater role in economic empowerment and in the development of policies to effectively meet the present and future needs of older people in western rural China or other countries with an imbalance in the distribution of the aging population and welfare resources.     

An Experimental Investigation of Pull Contracts in Supply Chains

In this study, I investigate supply chain contracts in a setting where a supplier uses its inventory to directly satisfy a retailer's demand. These “pull” contracts have increased in popularity in practice but have not been studied experimentally. In a controlled laboratory setting, I evaluate a wholesale price contract and two coordinating contracts. The data suggest that the benefit of the two coordinating contracts over the wholesale price contract is less than the standard theory predicts, and that retailers, in the two coordinating contracts, exhibit a systematic bias of setting the coordinating parameter too low, and the wholesale price too high, relative to the normative benchmarks. In an effort to explain this deviation, I explore three behavioral models and find that loss aversion and reference dependence fit the data well. I empirically test this result in a follow‐up experiment, which directly controls for loss aversion and reference dependence, and observe that retailers make significantly better decisions. Lastly, I administer a number of experiments which reduce the complexity of the problem, curtail the amount of risk, and increase the level of decision support, and find that none improve decisions relative to the treatment that controls for loss aversion and reference dependence.     

Opportunism in Distribution Networks: The Role of Network Embeddedness and Dependence

Prior research documents the value of network relationships to firm behavior but is relatively silent on how networks influence opportunism in distribution channels. Focusing on a common type of distribution networks in which multiple distributors serve a single, dominant supplier, this study moves beyond a dyadic view to examine how a focal distributor's relational and structural embeddedness in such a distribution network influences its opportunism toward the dominant supplier. In particular, we postulate that a distributor's relational embeddedness in the network curbs its opportunism, whereas its network centrality, as a form of structural embeddedness in the network, promotes its opportunism. Moreover, we propose that relational embeddedness magnifies the role of a focal distributor's dependence on the supplier in suppressing the distributor's opportunism, whereas network centrality buffers such a role. We first empirically test these hypotheses using data collected from car dealers in China; the results provide support for the hypotheses. We then develop an analytical model to validate and further explain the underlying mechanisms of the network effects. Our analytical results not only validate the empirical results but also provide guidance for managers on controlling opportunism in distribution networks.     

Density-dependent predation of the antLasius niger (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) on two attended aphidsLachnus tropicalis andMyzocallis kuricola (Homoptera: Aphididae)

The antLasius niger was observed collecting honeydew and preying on the two aphid speciesLachnus tropicalis andMyzocallis kuricola on the chestnut treesCastanea crenata. Observation determined how the antL. niger controlled their predation on the aphids in response to the density and honeydew-productivity of the aphids.Lachnus tropicalis was a better honeydew source thanM. kuricola forL. niger in terms of the amount of honeydew collected per unit time by the ants. The number of foraging workers on a tree increased with the number ofL. tropicalis on the tree, but not with the number ofM. kuricola. The density ofL. tropicalis perL. niger worker on a tree had a positive effect on the predation activity ofL. niger on both aphids, whereas the density ofM. kuricola per ant did not have any significant effect. The predation pressure by the ant which increased withL. tropicalis density, however, directed toM. kuricola rather than toL. tropicalis. These facts suggest (1) thatL. niger control their predation activities on aphids with regards to the densities of the attended aphids per worker, and (2) that the ants prey on the aphid species producing less honeydew. The effects of the ant predation on aphids and the importance of these predation effect in antaphids interactions were discussed.     

我国石油供给扩张的成本-收益分析——基于降低石油进口依赖效应视角

石油进口依赖给我国经济带来了巨大成本支出和经济风险,提高我国国内石油供给量是降低石油进口依赖路径之一。基于降低石油进口依赖效应,从我国国内石油供给的财富转移收益、潜在 GDP 收益和宏观经济调整收益三个角度以及从直接生产成本、环境成本和使用者成本三项成本来对提高我国国内石油供给的经济可行性进行论证,结论显示整体趋势上,提高国内石油供给的总收益大于其总成本,并且其净收益呈现上升态势,是有利可图的,这种优势在国际油价高企的时候表现得更为突出,但是收益-成本弹性却呈现下降态势,即整体上成本的相对增长幅度要快于收益的增长幅度。     

从权力控制到政治吸纳：科技防腐的演变路径

现代科学技术在防治腐败的过程中表现出越来越明显的优势,它有助于控制权力、削弱腐败动机,减少腐败机会。以"制度+科技"为主要特征的科技防腐模式是中国将现代科学技术融入惩治和预防腐败体系建设的产物,它以较低的成本实现了对权力的制约和监督,最大限度地降低了委托代理关系中由于信息不对称和机会主义等因素造成的交易成本。科技防腐是一个交易成本最优化的反腐形式,是建设廉洁政治的有利工具。随着现代科学技术与社会主义民主政治建设的深度融合,网络政治的兴起与发展是必然趋势,它以相对低廉的成本直接影响并作用于最深层次的权力结构,推动科技防腐从以体制内权力控制和体制外权力监督为主要特征的传统双向发展模式向以体制内权力控制和体制外政治吸纳为主要特征的新双向发展模式转变,从而实现从源头上防治腐败。     

外语学习者认知风格差异与外语教学

认知风格是普通心理学和教育心理学研究的一个领域,是个体差异的重要组成部分,它与一个人的学习活动有着密不可分的关系。大学外语学习者在场独立型与场依存型这一认知风格维度上存在一定的倾向性,并且场独立与场依存型学习者在学习方式方面表现出一些明显差异。在外语教学中应充分考虑学习者的认知风格特点和差异,并把这一因素纳入到教学策略的选择和教学模式、教学活动的设计之中。     

心理异质对前景博弈策略选择影响研究

传统博弈论以期望效用理论为基础,具有一定的局限性。前景理论是刻画风险及不确定环境下决策的最佳工具。考虑心理异质性对决策行为的影响,将前景理论中的参考依赖、敏感性递减、认知偏差、损失规避等纳入博弈分析框架中,构建局中人的前景函数,求解前景博弈混合策略纳什均衡,并将其与传统博弈混合策略纳什均衡对比,发现前景博弈能有效刻画出心理异质性对个体策略选择的影响机理,从而成功地解释一些传统博弈难以解释的现象。