驳精神损害赔偿限额论

精神损害赔偿的主要功能在于填补受害人因此而受到的损害,使其得到抚慰,以便能开始新生活。因此,精神损害赔偿应本着“全面赔偿损害”的原则,不能脱离实际人为地限定数额。     

Characterizing Risk for Cumulative Risk Assessments

In assessing environmental health risks, the risk characterization step synthesizes information gathered in evaluating exposures to stressors together with dose–response relationships, characteristics of the exposed population, and external environmental conditions. This article summarizes key steps of a cumulative risk assessment (CRA) followed by a discussion of considerations for characterizing cumulative risks. Cumulative risk characterizations differ considerably from single chemical‐ or single source‐based risk characterization. CRAs typically focus on a specific population instead of a pollutant or pollutant source and should include an evaluation of all relevant sources contributing to the exposures in the population and other factors that influence dose–response relationships. Second, CRAs may include influential environmental and population‐specific conditions, involving multiple chemical and nonchemical stressors. Third, a CRA could examine multiple health effects, reflecting joint toxicity and the potential for toxicological interactions. Fourth, the complexities often necessitate simplifying methods, including judgment‐based and semi‐quantitative indices that collapse disparate data into numerical scores. Fifth, because of the higher dimensionality and potentially large number of interactions, information needed to quantify risk is typically incomplete, necessitating an uncertainty analysis. Three approaches that could be used for characterizing risks in a CRA are presented: the multiroute hazard index, stressor grouping by exposure and toxicity, and indices for screening multiple factors and conditions. Other key roles of the risk characterization in CRAs are also described, mainly the translational aspect of including a characterization summary for lay readers (in addition to the technical analysis), and placing the results in the context of the likely risk‐based decisions.     

A study on cyclic bandwidth sum

Suppose G is a graph of p vertices. A proper labeling f of G is a one-to-one mapping f:V(G)→{1,2,…,p}. The cyclic bandwidth sum of G with respect to f is defined by CBS _f (G)=∑ _uv∈E(G)|f(v)−f(u)| _p , where |x| _p =min {|x|,p−|x|}. The cyclic bandwidth sum of G is defined by CBS(G)=min {CBS _f (G): f is a proper labeling of G}. The bandwidth sum of G with respect to f is defined by BS _f (G)=∑ _uv∈E(G)|f(v)−f(u)|. The bandwidth sum of G is defined by BS(G)=min {BS _f (G): f is a proper labeling of G}. In this paper, we give a necessary and sufficient condition for BS(G)=CBS(G), and use this to show that BS(T)=CBS(T) when T is a tree. We also find cyclic bandwidth sums of complete bipartite graphs. Dedicated to Professor Frank K. Hwang on the occasion of his 65th birthday. Supported in part by the National Science Council under grants NSC91-2115-M-156-001.     

关于数论函数方程δ（x^2＋y）＋δ（x＋y^2）=2ψ（x^3＋y^3）

对于正整数k，设δ（k）和ψ（k）分别是k的约数和函数和Dedekind函数．该文证明了：方程仅有正整数解（x,y）=（1，1）．     

An Empirical Approach to Sufficient Similarity: Combining Exposure Data and Mixtures Toxicology Data

When assessing risks posed by environmental chemical mixtures, whole mixture approaches are preferred to component approaches. When toxicological data on whole mixtures as they occur in the environment are not available, Environmental Protection Agency guidance states that toxicity data from a mixture considered “sufficiently similar” to the environmental mixture can serve as a surrogate. We propose a novel method to examine whether mixtures are sufficiently similar, when exposure data and mixture toxicity study data from at least one representative mixture are available. We define sufficient similarity using equivalence testing methodology comparing the distance between benchmark dose estimates for mixtures in both data‐rich and data‐poor cases. We construct a “similar mixtures risk indicator”(SMRI) (analogous to the hazard index) on sufficiently similar mixtures linking exposure data with mixtures toxicology data. The methods are illustrated using pyrethroid mixtures occurrence data collected in child care centers (CCC) and dose‐response data examining acute neurobehavioral effects of pyrethroid mixtures in rats. Our method shows that the mixtures from 90% of the CCCs were sufficiently similar to the dose‐response study mixture. Using exposure estimates for a hypothetical child, the 95th percentile of the (weighted) SMRI for these sufficiently similar mixtures was 0.20 (i.e., where SMRI <1, less concern; >1, more concern).     

具有迟滞的Volterra方程的周期解分歧条件

本又给出方程其中R，γ，α，β，δ，σ为非负常数，出现周期解分歧现象条件．     

关于三角形内角和定理证明的教法反思

新课程标准的出现，意味着教法坐标体系或者教学深层价值目标的建立．但是在教材与标准之间有如一片广阔的创造地带，它提供给教师前所未有的展示教学智慧的空间，而在创新教法的构想和实施之前，需要对传统教法、新课程标准、教材等有清醒的认识．通过对三角形内角和定理证明教法的剖析，提出了有关新的教学智慧的思考和教学构想．     

中国育龄妇女生育集中度变化分析——基于“五普”、“六普”数据

新中国成立以来,结束了上千年的封建制度给妇女带来的桎梏,妇女的社会地位有了明显的提升,具体表现在社会活动的参与率有了显著的提高,同时妇女在生育行为方面也发生了巨大的变化。本文利用最近两次中国人口普查数据来分析育龄妇女的生育集中度变化情况,并以此对中国目前TFR很低的现象做了解释,据此推断中国在未来几年的时间,总和生育率在一定程度上会呈上升的变化趋势,但不可能在短期内回升到更替水平。     

Control charts based on dependent count data with deflation or inflation of zeros

The process of serially dependent counts with deflation or inflation of zeros is commonly observed in many applications. This paper investigates the monitoring of such a process, the first-order zero-modified geometric integer-valued autoregressive process (ZMGINAR(1)). In particular, two control charts, the upper-sided and lower-sided CUSUM charts, are developed to detect the shifts in the mean process of the ZMGINAR(1). Both the average run length performance and the standard deviation of the run length performance of these two charts are investigated by using Markov chain approaches. Also, an extensive simulation is conducted to assess the effectiveness or performance of the charts, and the presented methods are applied to two sets of real data arising from a study on the drug use.