Family characteristics and intergenerational conflicts over the Internet

The rapid expansion of computer use and Internet connection has the potential to change patterns of family interaction, with conflicts arising over adolescents' autonomy, parental authority and control of the computer. This study applied a conceptual framework derived from family development and human ecology theory to investigate family characteristics related to the likelihood of such conflicts. A secondary analysis was conducted of a special survey of 754 children aged 12 to 17 who used the Internet, and of their parents, performed by Pew Internet and the American Life project. Adolescent-parent conflicts over Internet use proved strongly related to the perception that the adolescent was a computer expert. Families in which adolescents were considered experts in new technologies were more likely to experience conflicts. Parents' attempt to reduce adolescent autonomy by regulating the time of Internet use increased the likelihood of family arguments over the Internet. Intergenerational conflicts over the Internet were higher in families in which parents expressed concern over the potentially negative consequences of Internet use. The implications of the findings are discussed.     

溢出效应对企业R&D行为的影响研究

技术创新是企业参与市场竞争的重要方式,然而溢出效应的存在却是无法避免的。利用实物期权和博弈论的方法,可以对存在溢出效应情况的企业R&D行为进行建模,并反映溢出效应对企业R&D行为的影响。模拟的结果表明,R&D项目的溢出效应与竞争对手的模仿能力,都将降低R&D项目价值及其成功的概率。研发过程和市场需求的不确定性,都将提高R&D项目的价值。然而,前者会提高项目研发成功的概率,后者则会阻碍项目研发的成功。     

"买卖不破租赁"与租赁权的善意取得

传统的买卖不破租赁原则仅仅适用于不动产，而我国合同法第229条不仅没有区分动产不动产，同时还完全混淆合同效力、履行和移转问题，将租赁权的对抗效力扩张及于动产之上。那么在非所有人出租他人财产的情况下，承租人就应当能够基于善意取得的法理获得租赁权对抗效力的保护。这一结论可以从立法者政策衡量的一致性和交易中防险成本的经济分析两个方面获得论证。     

Multiple-objective response-adaptive repeated measurement designs for clinical trials

In a response-adaptive design, we review and update the trial on the basis of outcomes in order to achieve a specific goal. Response-adaptive designs for clinical trials are usually constructed to achieve a single objective. In this paper, we develop a new adaptive allocation rule to improve current strategies for building response-adaptive designs to construct multiple-objective repeated measurement designs. This new rule is designed to increase estimation precision and treatment benefit by assigning more patients to a better treatment sequence. We demonstrate that designs constructed under the new proposed allocation rule can be nearly as efficient as fixed optimal designs in terms of the mean squared error, while leading to improved patient care.     

略述武则天在历史上的积极作用

武则天在长达45年的统治期间,其积极作用主要表现在四个方面:平定叛乱势力、巩固统一国家;发展科举制度、广泛选拔人才;实施轻徭薄赋,重视农业生产;胸襟气量宽阔,善于纳谏从善。她是一位基本上值得肯定的历史人物。     

清朝私盐贩运的影响

私盐产生由来已久,由于时代背景不同,各时期所产生的影响也有所不同,本文主要探讨清朝私盐贩运对人民生活、榷盐体制、政府财政收入等方面的影响。     

System Effects on Educational Achievement: A British–American Comparison

Societal variations in the organization of educational institutions are thought to affect the distribution of students into levels of educational achievement. This paper analyzes the diverging achievements of British and American cohorts as they pass through secondary and post-secondary education. The ways students' locations in the systems' structures deflect their achievements are charted, and the cumulative effects of those deflections between the ages of 16 and 28 are estimated. Despite the more stratified and standardized organization of the British educational system, and despite its sharper differentiation between academic and vocational credentials, the cumulative deflections during these years are greater in the United States. Explaining this outcome requires an understanding of both organizational and normative differences between the two systems.     

护理人员非言语行为在临床护理中的作用

人际交流分为言语交流和非言语交流。在临床护理中 ,非言语行为 (又称身势语 )十分重要。为此 ,本文探讨了护理人员仪表、表情、动作等非言语行为在临床护理中的作用 ,旨在倡导在实施临床护理时充分利用非言语交流以建立良好的护患关系 ,从而提高疾病的治疗效果。     

文化信息符号的语用翻译——兼析林语堂先生译《浮生六记》

文化信息符号是以散点式结构方式广泛包含五个方面的内容.对文化信息符号的语用翻译表现在语用语言等效和社交语用等效两个方面.本文以林语堂先生所译<浮生六记>为案例,详细描述并分析了文化信息符号换码过程中语用翻译的运用,进一步证明运用语用翻译方法阐释原文言语意向的可行性和必要性.     

Nonlinear mixed effects modelling for estimation of steady state attainment

Assessment of the time needed to attain steady state is a key pharmacokinetic objective during drug development. Traditional approaches for assessing steady state include ANOVA‐based methods for comparing mean plasma concentration values from each sampling day, with either a difference or equivalence test. However, hypothesis‐testing approaches are ill suited for assessment of steady state. This paper presents a nonlinear mixed effects modelling approach for estimation of steady state attainment, based on fitting a simple nonlinear mixed model to observed trough plasma concentrations. The simple nonlinear mixed model is developed and proposed for use under certain pharmacokinetic assumptions. The nonlinear mixed modelling estimation approach is described and illustrated by application to trough data from a multiple dose trial in healthy subjects. The performance of the nonlinear mixed modelling approach is compared to ANOVA‐based approaches by means of simulation techniques. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.