广西中小企业拓展东盟市场策略研究

中国—东盟自由贸易区的建设发展,促进了双方经贸发展,带动了经济的快速发展。中国——东盟自由贸易区具有诱人的发展前景,为双方经济的快速发展提供了良好的机遇。面对中国——东盟自由贸易区建设发展这一良好机遇,广西中小企业要想获得应有的地位和利益,就必须加强对市场的调查研究,制定正确的市场策略,才能提高成功率。     

基于钻石模型的重庆自贸区跨境电商创新发展的路径研究

重庆自贸区跨境电商在推进重庆建设内陆国际物流中心、内陆服务贸易中心、内陆功能性金融中心中起到了重要作用。运用波特钻石模型对重庆自贸区跨境电商进行分析，从生产要素、需求条件、相关与支持产业、竞争对手、发展机会、政府作用六个方面，构建模型分析各种影响因素，研究重庆自贸区跨境电商的现状及比较优势，提出创新发展的路径。     

Trade, education, and innovation: Prospects for the U.S. economy

This paper examines international trade issues as vital indicators of the economic prospects of the United States and other developed economies. In particular, it challenges misuses of the doctrine of mutual gains from trade and instead argues that comparative advantage does not guarantee increases in benefits to both trading partners—especially when one partner seeks to distort the market mechanism in its favor. In the face of such mercantilist or protectionist practices, efforts to advance innovation, without retaining manufacturing jobs, will not ensure continued prosperity, as the number of jobs entailed in the invention process is small compared with the number of jobs associated with manufacturing an innovative product for mass consumption. These matters call for the urgent rethinking of trade policy by the United States and other developed nations, if they are to balance their imports and exports and ensure continued economic growth.     

Exact permutation inference for two sample repeated measures data

Experiments in which very few units are measured many times sometimes present particular difficulties. Interest often centers on simple location shifts between two treatment groups, but appropriate modeling of the error distribution can be challenging. For example, normality may be difficult to verify, or a single transformation stabilizing variance or improving normality for all units and all measurements may not exist. We propose an analysis of two sample repeated measures data based on the permutation distribution of units. This provides a distribution free alternative to standard analyses. The analysis includes testing, estimation and confidence intervals. By assuming a certain structure in the location shift model, the dimension of the problem is reduced by analyzing linear combinations of the marginal statistics. Recently proposed algorithms for computation of two sample permutation distributions, require only a few seconds for experiments having as many as 100 units and any number of repeated measures. The test has high asymptotic efficiency and good power with respect to tests based on the normal distribution. Since the computational burden is minimal, approximation of the permutation distribution is unnecessary.     

Old-Age Homes and Services

Summary

Although generational co-residence continues to be the dominant form of housing and care for Indian elders and only 1% live in old-age homes, the numbers and types of these homes are growing. This article describes a recent study of 48 old-age homes in different parts of India, approximately 12%-15% of all homes. They included the more traditional free homes for the aged poor who have no family to care for them and the more recent for-pay homes for the middle-class. A small number of day-care centers, also a new phenomenon, were investigated. Two- to three-hour structured interviews were conducted with managers, supervisors, and trustees, augmented by a checklist of environmental and neighborhood features. Most homes house small numbers of residents, have common spaces for dining, TV and prayer, have access to medical care and transportation, provide meals and some assistance with activities of daily living, and are open to all castes. All are run by non-governmental organizations (NGOs), only one-third with any government assistance. Free homes tend to be bigger and older, serve non-aged clients, have less privacy and emphasize occupational therapy and income-generating activities, and are more like board-and-care homes. For-pay homes have more privacy and western-style amenities, focus on local community outreach and provide fewer meals. The gradual increase of all old-age homes has given rise to debates about their appropriate roles in Indian society and about their quality. Government grants to NGOs for homes and day-care centers (often considered more appropriate support for elders) are limited. With the National Policy on Older Persons looking to NGOs and village councils to be the primary sources of non-familial aged care, several ways to build their capacity are suggested.     

Distribution of linear combination of exponential variates

The exact distribution of a linear combination of n independent negative exponential random variables, when the coefficients of the linear combination are distinct and positive quantities, is well-known. This paper extends the above result to the general case, namely when the coefficients are arbitrary real numbers, positive or negative, distinct or coincident.     

Planning for the 1950 Censuses of Population and Agriculture

The change from the z of “Student's” 1908 paper to the t of present day statistical theory and practice is traced and documented. It is shown that the change was brought about by the extension of “Student's” approach, by R.A. Fisher, to a broader class of problems, in response to a direct appeal from “Student” for a solution to one of these problems.     

On computer generation of gamma random variables by rejection and composition procedures 2

The paper presents various algorithms for generating gamma random variables, by combining rejection and composition procedures. Two efficient algorithms are given for the case when the parameter of the gamma distribution is 0<v<l. For the case vl, several algorithms are given but they (except one), work reliably only for small values of v. Results of some computer tests together with FORTRAN subroutines are also presented.     

A class of Shrunken estimators for normal mean

This paper presents a class of estimators for the mean of a normal population and determines the conditions on characterizing scalars under which the class of estimators uniformly dominates over the conventional sample mean according to the mean-square-error criterion.     

“按劳分配”评议

马克思关于未来共产主义社会初级阶段实行按劳分配原则的设想有其特定的前提和内涵;至今没有哪个国家具备这种前提条件;我国至今实行的按劳分配实际上不是也不可能是马克思设想的那种原则;应当从我国正在进行的社会主义市场经济改革和社会经济发展的实际水平出发来确定正确的分配原则。