Planning for the 1950 Censuses of Population and Agriculture

The change from the z of “Student's” 1908 paper to the t of present day statistical theory and practice is traced and documented. It is shown that the change was brought about by the extension of “Student's” approach, by R.A. Fisher, to a broader class of problems, in response to a direct appeal from “Student” for a solution to one of these problems.     

A Mechanical Interpretation of the Coefficient of Rank Correlation and other Analogies

Periodically, the pyramid or “chain letter” scheme is offered to Americans under the guise of a business dealership. Recently, the FTC ordered Glen Turner's “Dare to be Great” firm to repay 44 million dollars to participants. In order to demonstrate that the potential gains are misrepresented by promoters, a probability model of the pyramid scheme is developed. The major implications are that the vast majority of participants have less than a ten percent chance of recouping their initial investment when a small profit is achieved as soon as they recruit three people and that, on the average, half of the participants will recruit no one else and lose all their money.     

On computer generation of gamma random variables by rejection and composition procedures 2

The paper presents various algorithms for generating gamma random variables, by combining rejection and composition procedures. Two efficient algorithms are given for the case when the parameter of the gamma distribution is 0<v<l. For the case vl, several algorithms are given but they (except one), work reliably only for small values of v. Results of some computer tests together with FORTRAN subroutines are also presented.     

Controlled Direct and Mediated Effects: Definition,Identification and Bounds

Abstract. Results are given which provide bounds for controlled direct effects when nounmeasured confounding assumptions required for the identification of these effects do not hold. Previous results concerning bounds for controlled direct effects rely on monotonicity relationships between the treatment, mediator and the outcome themselves; the results presented in this article instead assume that monotonicity relationships hold between the unmeasured confounding variable or variables and the treatment, mediator and outcome. Whereas prior results give bounds that contain the null hypothesis of no direct effect, the results presented here will in many instances yield bounds that do not contain the null hypothesis of no direct effect. For contexts in which a set of variables intercepts all paths between a treatment and an outcome, it is possible to provide a definition for a controlled mediated effect. We discuss the identification of these controlled mediated effects; the bounds for controlled direct effects are applicable also to controlled mediated effects. An example is given to illustrate how the results in the article can be used to draw inferences about direct and mediated effects in the presence of unmeasured confounding variables.     

A class of Shrunken estimators for normal mean

This paper presents a class of estimators for the mean of a normal population and determines the conditions on characterizing scalars under which the class of estimators uniformly dominates over the conventional sample mean according to the mean-square-error criterion.     

“按劳分配”评议

马克思关于未来共产主义社会初级阶段实行按劳分配原则的设想有其特定的前提和内涵;至今没有哪个国家具备这种前提条件;我国至今实行的按劳分配实际上不是也不可能是马克思设想的那种原则;应当从我国正在进行的社会主义市场经济改革和社会经济发展的实际水平出发来确定正确的分配原则。     

要素所有者的谈判力与企业权益分配格局

在全面解释“谈判力”涵义的基础上,着重论证了谈判力与企业权益分配格局的关系,并据此提出了改进我国企业权益分配状况的建议。     

Upper Bounds for the SPOT 5 Daily Photograph Scheduling Problem

This paper introduces tight upper bounds for the daily photograph scheduling problem of earth observation satellites. These bounds, which were unavailable until now, allow us to assess the quality of the heuristic solutions obtained previously. These bounds are obtained with a partition-based approach following the divide and pas conquer principle. Dynamic programming and tabu search are conjointly used in this approach. We present also simplex-based linear programming relaxation and a relaxed knapsack approach for the problem.     

马克思对"人的价值"之类命题的批判

马克思认为"人的价值"之类的命题在本质上是资本主义经济的思想反映.因而,它决非是关于人的本性、尊严和幸福的永恒观念,而仅仅是资产阶级的特殊要求、愿望和幻想的反映.它同共产主义的世界观是根本对立的.在共产主义社会中,新的命题"每一个人的自由发展"将取代陈腐的命题"人的价值".     

“分配不公”的社会学解读

当前在我国普遍存在的“分配不公”现象 ,有使社会向恶性运行和畸形发展方向退化的趋势。针对“分配不公”产生的原因 ,必须从政治理念、制度重建、政策调整、文化重建等多方面入手 ,解决“分配不公”问题 ,实现社会良性运行和协调发展