Addressing misclassification for binary data: probit and t-link regressions

Generalized linear models are addressed to describe the dependence of data on explanatory variables when the binary outcome is subject to misclassification. Both probit and t-link regressions for misclassified binary data under Bayesian methodology are proposed. The computational difficulties have been avoided by using data augmentation. The idea of using a data augmentation framework (with two types of latent variables) is exploited to derive efficient Gibbs sampling and expectation–maximization algorithms. Besides, this formulation has allowed to obtain the probit model as a particular case of the t-link model. Simulation examples are presented to illustrate the model performance when comparing with standard methods that do not consider misclassification. In order to show the potential of the proposed approaches, a real data problem arising when studying hearing loss caused by exposure to occupational noise is analysed.     

多目标企业间的效仿与追逐

经典的经济学理论总是假设企业最大化自己的利润,但是现实中企业有各种动机来确立多重目标,或非最大化利润的目标。文章主要讨论了寡头企业在确立了非最大化利润的目标函数,即企业的目标是最大化一定权重的利润和一定权重的其他目标;从战略替代品、战略互补品等企业行动之间的关系,以及目标之间的关系等,来分析企业之间行为的相互影响,企业之间目标的影响,以及企业目标对于竞争对手的影响。论文中还具体讨论了两种非最大化利润的目标函数,其一是包含了企业自己收益的目标函数,另一个是包含了行业某个利润水平的目标函数。     

Maximizing proportions of correct classifications in binary logistic regression

In this paper, we give simple mathematical results that allow us to get all cut-off points that maximize the overall proportion of correct classifications in any binary classification method (and, in particular, in binary logistic regression). In addition, we give results that allow us to get all cut-off points that maximize a weighted combination of specificity and sensitivity. In addition, we discuss measures of association between predicted probabilities and observed responses, and, in particular, we discuss the calculation of the overall percentages of concordant, discordant, and tied pairs of input observations with different responses. We mention that the calculation of these quantities by SAS and Minitab is sometimes incorrect. The concepts and methods of the paper are illustrated by a hypothetical example of school retention data.     

试论高等院校财务管理目标

高校财务管理应随着外部环境的变化而制定新的管理目标和具体管理目标。在当前的环境下,应以价值最大化作为高校财务管理的总目标,实现筹资、投资、成本、分配管理的具体化。     

企业人力资本价值与管理

舒尔茨创立的人力资本理论 ,以及后续发展起来的人力资本理论和我国学者的人力资本理论 ,为我们研究企业内人力资本价值作用奠定了理论基础。使我们看到人力资本对企业价值实现的巨大影响和贡献。从而要求我们 ,企业领导要树立“以人为本”的观念 ,在企业运作中 ,建立人力资本价值计量体系 ,在企业收益账目中反映出人力资本的价值量 ,建立完善企业内部的分配制度和激励制度 ,创建学习型企业 ,调适企业目标与职工个人目标的一致性 ,促使企业效益和价值最大化。     

Combining census and registration data to estimate detailed elderly migration flows in England and Wales

Summary.  A log-linear model is developed to estimate detailed elderly migration flows by combining data from the 2001 UK census and National Health Services patient register. After showing that the census and National Health Service migration flows can be reasonably combined, elderly migration flows between groupings of local authority districts by age, sex and health status for the 2000–2001 and 2003–2004 periods are estimated and then analysed to show how the patterns have changed. By combining registration data with census data, we can provide recent estimates of detailed elderly migration flows, which can be used for improvements in social planning or policy.     

麦当劳套餐商品复合的效用最大化——以河北省某家麦当劳餐厅为例

随着物流和电子商务的发展,套餐类商品在经济活动中日趋广泛。论文针对麦当劳商品,将具有套餐类商品的商品复合问题进行了研究,探讨了商品复合、商品复合价值、商品复合效用和商品复合效用最大化等问题,分析了麦当劳快餐的商品复合问题,指出了麦当劳商品复合结构的特点决定了实现麦当劳商品复合效用最大化的简捷途径。通过对套餐价格节余对麦当劳商品消费最优化的影响分析,提出了一般套餐商品复合最优化问题的研究思路。套餐在现代服务业商品经济中具有重要影响,相应的研究适应了现实经济活动的特点,对探讨经济中的新现象和新问题具有一定的理论意义和应用价值。     

以公平价值最大化为取向促进我国缓刑司法的完善

缓刑作为一种可以有条件的不执行刑罚的刑事责任承担方式,其以矫正为本质的价值取向,顺应了国际刑罚追求谦抑性、公平性、人道性的发展趋势。针对缓刑制度适用中存在的问题,刑法修正案(八)对我国缓刑立法进行了较大修葺,但在公平价值最大化理念下审视,我国缓刑司法仍有欠公平之处,亟待继续完善。     

A note on the prisoner's dilemma

This paper clarifies some basic concepts or assumptions of the prisoner's dilemma, asserts the independence between the two agentsA andB, and advocates the application of the dominance principle of decision theory to the prisoner's dilemma. It discusses several versions of the prisoner's dilemma, including the one-shot and repeated cases of a noncooperative game from a purely egoistic point of view. The main part of this paper, however, is a study of the problem from a moral point of view through a special decision-theoretic approach. Morality is taken into account by incorporating the utility of the feeling of moral satisfaction for the agent, as a part of the total utility for the agent, into the decision-theoretic model. In this way the problem will appear as a purely technical decision problem, and the conflicts between various assumptions, or the dilemma caused by the problem, will no longer exist. It is also pointed out that in a more general case, for some values of the coefficient of moralityk, dominance will not exist so that the dominance principle will not be applicable.     

恢复性司法视域下未成年犯社区矫正研究

由于未成年犯特殊的神经质与精神质特点,我们在未成年犯社区矫正中应充分考虑未成年人利益最大化和保护的原则.而恢复性司法与未成年犯社区矫正存在共同的契合点,具有共同的价值追求.因此,在未成年犯社区矫正中引入恢复性司法的理念将能更好地实现其终极目标.