Examining cross-state variation in the increase in father-only families

Each state has the power to establish its own policy and laws relating to child custody determination. The number of single-parent families with children that are headed by fathers has been growing in the United States. This paper explores the extent of cross-state variation in the prevalence in father-only families in 1990, and the extent to which there was cross-state variation in the increase in father-only families in the 1980s. The 1980 and 1990 Public Use Microdata Samples (PUMS) drawn from the US decennial censuses are used. Decomposition analyses of growth indicate that increases in the number of father-only families occurred across all states during this period, but at varying rates. The primary reason for the increase in most states is an increase in the proportion of ever-married single-parent families that are headed by a father. It is for these families that are headed by divorced or separated parents that state policy relating to child custody determination is most relevant.     

Transformation using ( x + 0.5) to stabilize the variance of populations

Transformation is required to achieve homo-scedasticity when we perform ANOVA to test the effect of factors on population abundance. The effectiveness of transformations decreases when the data contain zeros. Especially, the logarithmic transformation or the Box–Cox transformation is not applicable in such a case. For the logarithmic transformation, 1 is traditionally added to avoid such problems. However, there is no concrete foundation as to why 1 is added rather than other constants, such as 0.5 or 2, although the result of ANOVA is much influenced by the added constant. In this paper, I suggest that 0.5 is preferable to 1 as an added constant, because a discrete distribution defined in {0, 1, 2, . . .} is approximately described by a corresponding continuous distribution defined in (0, ≧) if we add 0.5. Numerical investigation confirms this prediction. Received: October 16, 1998 / Accepted: June 10, 1999     

发展个体私营经济的思考

社会主义初级阶段论的提出与确立,社会主义市场经济论特别是所有制改革理论的形成与发展,为我国发展私营经济提供了可靠的理论依据,从实践标准看,发展个体私营经济符合“三个有利于”标准,能够增强国家的凝聚力。目前,要发展我国个体私营经济的关键是采取正确的政策取向,应促进个体私营企业数量上的发展和质量上的提高,调整产业政策促进个体私营企业生产经营水平的提高,还要加强对个体私营企业的各项行政法规管理     

论行政强制执行的基本原则

作为行政权行使过程中一项相对独立的法律制度,行政强制执行必须遵守下列原则:人权原则、法治原则、比例原则、制衡原则、正当程序原则、救济原则、合作与协作相结合原则。     

Estimation of the parameters of symmetric stable ARMA and ARMA–GARCH models

In this article, we first propose the modified Hannan–Rissanen Method for estimating the parameters of autoregressive moving average (ARMA) process with symmetric stable noise and symmetric stable generalized autoregressive conditional heteroskedastic (GARCH) noise. Next, we propose the modified empirical characteristic function method for the estimation of GARCH parameters with symmetric stable noise. Further, we show the efficiency, accuracy and simplicity of our methods with Monte-Carlo simulation. Finally, we apply our proposed methods to model the financial data.     

Rate efficient estimation of realized Laplace transform of volatility with microstructure noise

In this paper, we consider the problem of estimating the Laplace transform of volatility within a fixed time interval [0,T] using high‐frequency sampling, where we assume that the discretized observations of the latent process are contaminated by microstructure noise. We use the pre‐averaging approach to deal with the effect of microstructure noise. Under the high‐frequency scenario, we obtain a consistent estimator whose convergence rate is , which is known as the optimal convergence rate of the estimation of integrated volatility functionals under the presence of microstructure noise. The related central limit theorem is established. The simulation studies justify the finite‐sample performance of the proposed estimator.     

格式条款规制标准研究

目的/意义 平台经营者掌握着优势的规制权力,且可能对平台内经营者实施排他、歧视和剥削等不合理限制交易的行为,直接损害平台内经营者的合法权益,阻碍平台市场的自由和公平竞争,迫切需要法律规制。 设计/方法 通过对《电子商务法》实施前的法律规制体系梳理,可知平台经营者不合理限制交易的格式条款规制和竞争法规制兼存在漏洞。一方面,提示说明义务弱化、公平原则适用困难、平台规则备案审查作用有限,使格式条款规制体系无力应对;另一方面,不合理限制交易行为难以被《反垄断法》和《反不正当竞争法》规制体系完全覆盖。 结论/发现 《电子商务法》第35条通过设置不合理限制交易的“禁止+合理抗辩”条款,专门规定行政法律责任,是对平台经营者不合理限制交易法律规制的发展。《电子商务法》第35条所蕴含的“相对优势地位”“不合理限制”“明显不合理限制”等关键实施要点,有待进一步丰富、充实。     

论外层空间活动争端的解决机制

联合国制定的有关外空条约及原则宣言对和平解决外层空间争端做出了原则性的规定。但这些规定本身存在着一些问题。对于如何构建外层空间活动争端的解决机制存在着不同的构想。各国应当共同努力,在现有的争端解决机制的基础上,对外层空间活动争端 的解决做出补充和完善。     

私法自治原则的基础

私法自治的原则萌芽于罗马法,产生于18、19世纪资产阶级革命的历史背景下,并被《法国民法典》以明确的条文确认。私法自治于18世纪末19世纪初得到法律的确认有其深刻的理论基础与实践基础:它奠基于当时的哲学、伦理学以及经济学的理论基础之上,又扎根于市民社会与政治国家分离的实践基础上。     

苏格拉底正义思想解读

苏格拉底从培养个人道德出发来阐释正义,寻求德性在实践上与生活的内在一致性;他以美德为知识,把德性因素注入到正义观念之中,赋予正义内在伦理性的内涵,从德性和智性中来寻求把握,通过个人自制伦理的方式获取正义,并以法的形式维护正义。