《约翰·克利斯朵夫》中的安多纳德--凄美的法国文学女性形象

安多纳德是小说的两大主人公约翰·克利斯朵夫和奥里维之间的桥梁 ,正是通过她 ,他们两人才相知相遇。安多纳德是这篇小说的心灵世界不可缺少的推动力。安多纳德在小说中刚出场时是一个无忧无虑的少女形象。在经历了内心决定性的转变与爱和自我牺牲的精神主宰了她的心灵世界后 ,她那凄美的女性形象方才完整地呈现出来。这种转变是通过爱的净化、苦难的净化与宗教虔诚的净化带来的。安多纳德的女性形象所代表的正是这样凄美的爱和虔诚的力量。它由最后的死亡与神秘信仰所带来的净化得到最终完成     

A cohort analysis of female labor participation rates in the U.S. and Japan

Aggregate data of female labor participation rates in U.S. and Japan, classified by period and by age, are decomposed into age, period, and cohort effects using innovative Bayesian cohort models that were developed to overcome the identification problem in cohort analysis. The main findings are that in both countries, age effects are the largest and period effects are the smallest; in both countries, age effects are roughly consistent with life-cycle movements expected by labor economics, but the negative effects of marriage and/or childbearing on women?’s labor supply in Japan are much larger than those observed in the U.S.; and in both countries, upward movements of cohort effects during 1930s–1960s were found. However, cohort effects are larger for the U.S. than for Japan. All the cohort results are roughly consistent with the marriage squeeze hypothesis and the Easterlin hypothesis.     

Crime and the city: Domestic burglary and the built environment in Tehran

Environmental criminologists have correlated crime patterns with the environmental and physical layout of places where crimes occur. This paper reports on some of the findings derived from a major research carried out in Tehran, focusing on the link between built environment and residential burglary. After a brief review of crime prevention approaches in the built environment and their theoretical basis, the paper examines how burglars select their targets, and investigates the significance of geographical distance and target hardening for crime prevention. It shows the limitations of distance and target hardening as deterrents, their potential impact on deepening the city's socio-spatial divide, and their negative implications for the quality of the urban environment.     

浅论环境犯罪危险犯

环境犯罪危险犯从类型上来看，大致可以分为两类：一类是具体危险犯和抽象危险犯，一类是故意危险犯和过失危险犯。当前，西方发达国家多已对环境犯罪危险犯有了完备的刑事立法，现代的环境立法价值取向的转变以及环境犯罪的特点决定了确立环境犯罪危险犯具有必要性，因此，我国也应尽早对环境犯罪危险犯进行刑事立法。     

Trouble en Route: Drug Trafficking and Clientelism in Rio de Janeiro Shantytowns

This article examines the ways that endemic drug trafficking has affected local level politics in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Drawing on ethnographic analysis of political exchanges in the 1998 national elections in three favelas (shantytowns), I argue that drug trafficking has changed the practice of clientelism. Evidence and analysis in this paper will show that the persistence of drug trafficking in the city has led to the emergence of a two-tiered clientelist system in which politicians make exchanges with traffickers who then, in turn, provide some benefits to favela residents in return for their votes. This results in an arrangement that provides votes to politicians and limited assistance to the poor but does little to build the legitimacy of the political system.

Treatment of Female Pathological Gambling: The Efficacy of a Cognitive-Behavioural Approach

Given that a substantial proportion of current pathological gamblers are female, it is evident that women are underrepresented in the treatment outcome literature. The current study was designed to redress the limited information on the treatment of female pathological gambling. Although the use of cognitive-behavioural therapy is the most highly recommended approach as ‘best practice’ for the treatment of pathological gambling, no attempt to date has been made to evaluate the efficacy of this approach for female pathological gambling. Nineteen female pathological gamblers with electronic gaming machine problems were treated with a cognitive-behavioural program. While pathological gamblers placed on a waiting list did not show significant improvement on gambling behaviour and psychological functioning measures, the female pathological gamblers showed significant improvement on these measures over the treatment period, and maintained this improvement at the 6-month follow-up evaluation. By the completion of the follow-up period, 89% of participants no longer met diagnostic criteria for pathological gambling. Although further scientific demonstration and replication are required, the outcomes of this study indicate that the therapy that is considered ‘best practice’ in the treatment of pathological gambling is effective for female pathological gambling.     

个人言说、底层经验与女性叙事--以林白为个案

中国女性文学与底层世界之间一直存在着一种错位的关系,它潜在的危机正伴随着其蔚为大观而逐渐显露出来.这促使林白开始重视起"别人的声音",林白有意识地弃绝了自己早期擅长的个人言说.对自己早期的个人化立场有了相当明晰的反思和批判,转而探索属于中国底层女性的言说方式.这标识着其女性立场的深化.林白的这种探索在一定程度上修正了上世纪90年代几乎已经被定型化了的中国女性叙事经验,成为中国女性文学及至中国当代文学本土说的开始.     

女神与女从——中国文学中女性伦理表现的两极性

在女性主义视阈下研究中国文学应注重其民族特色。儒家文化精神为主导的女性伦理,是中国女性历史上主体位置缺席的“元凶”。然而,儒家伦理之于女性又呈现二律背反现象。儒家伦理的妇德将女性置于“从属”地位,儒家伦理中的孝道在中国“母性崇拜”的历史文化背景中又将作为母亲的女性推到社会主体文化表述者位置。这形成中国女性处境不同于西方女子的特殊性与复杂性,也是中国古代文学“女神”般的母亲形象与处于男性附属地位的“女从”形象两极化表现的缘由。它导致中国女性在自我意识的觉醒、自我解放的自觉性方面整体地迟钝于西方女性。     

“学术反思”视域下的先秦女性社会地位研究--读《先秦女性社会地位研究》

《先秦女性社会地位研究》一书,从“学术反思”的视域对先秦女性社会地位问题进行了深入的探讨。先秦女性社会地位是历史上形成的,是各种文化要素相互作用的结果。从部落社会到文明社会初期,正是这些文化要素促成了两性社会地位的逐步分化。进入文明成熟期后,男性主导的社会通过各种制度性文化规范巩固了两性社会地位的分化。在这些文化规范制约下,女性已经认同了男性社会所赋予她的性别角色。该项研究具有突出的问题意识,其结论及研究方法对当前性别社会史研究具有一定的启示意义。     

论现代战争与完善21世纪战争法规

现代战争对生态安全的破坏是十分严重的,特别是一些新式武器,如核武器、生物武器、化学武器等具有强大的杀伤力和巨大的破坏力。还有一些武器正在实验或试制中,如基因武器、巨浪武器等,对生态安全更具有破坏作用。本文论述新式武器对生态安全的巨大破坏,提出完善21世纪战争法规则,追究主要战犯的战争罪、种族灭绝罪、破坏生态安全罪。作者对修改战争法规则提出八点建议和构想。