浅析女大学生就业难

就业是民生之本,现阶段总体就业形势严峻。随着高校的大规模扩招,毕业生总体供大于求。大学生就业难仅仅是一般劳动就业问题,女大学生就业难除了劳动就业问题以外,还附带有劳动力市场上的性别歧视问题。本文首先对女大学生的现状进行分析,然后对女大学生就业难提出具体有针对性的对策,以便消除女大学生就业中的"性别歧视",实现男女大学生的平等就业,充分发挥女性人力资源的重要作用。     

Extrapolative simulation of neighborhood networks based on population spatial distribution: Do they predict crime?

Objectives

Previous criminological scholarship has posited that network ties among neighborhood residents may impact crime rates, but has done little to consider the specific ways in which network structure may enhance or inhibit criminal activity. A lack of data on social ties has arguably led to this state of affairs. We propose to avoid this limitation by demonstrating a novel approach of extrapolatively simulating network ties and constructing structural network measures to assess their effect on neighborhood crime rates.

Methods

We first spatially locate the households of a city into their constituent blocks. Then, we employ spatial interaction functions based on prior empirical work and simulate a network of social ties among these residents. From this simulated network, we compute network statistics that more appropriately capture the notions of cohesion and information diffusion that underlie theories of networks and crime.

Results

We show that these network statistics are robust predictors of the levels of crime in five separate cities (above standard controls) at the very micro geographic level of blocks and block groups.

Conclusions

We conclude by considering extensions of the approach that account for homophily in the formation of network ties.     

基于SWOT分析的上海女性人才创业软环境研究

上海女性人才创业起步较早,起点较高。如今,上海"创新驱动、转型发展"为女性充分发展创造了前所未有的机遇,也提出了新的更高要求,上海女性人才的创业活动也进入了一个新阶段。但是,相对于硬环境而言,制度安排、文化氛围、公共服务等软环境对创业的影响更为深刻,女性人才创业对软环境的要求尤为突出。基于对上海市女性人才创业行为SWOT分析,针对软环境建设提出的专项资金扶持政策、创业服务和维权工作的建议具有一定借鉴意义。     

女大学生性别角色的发展趋势——基于跨十年的调查比较分析

当代女大学生是未来女性人才的特殊群体,作为社会女性发展的代表力量,其性别角色的发展及性别角色意识表现被看成社会发展进步的一个风向标。通过调查发现,当代女大学生性别角色呈现出以下发展趋势:双性化性别角色类型成为当代女大学生性别角色发展的主要趋势;不同年级之间、来自城市与农村之间的女大学生的性别角色类型分布存在显著差异。应该通过重视双性化人格的培养,引导其正确看待性别角色倾向,帮助其塑造自身性别角色形象等方式促进女大学生性别角色发展与人格完善。     

Changes in Sexual Distress,Depression and Sexual Function after Clitoral Reconstruction in Women with Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting

Abstract

Background: Female genital mutilation/cutting (FGM/C) links health complications and psychological distress. However, there is scarce literature on how women with FGM/C respond to treatment interventions. Objective: In this study, we aimed to assess changes in depression symptomatology, sexual function, and distress following clitoral reconstructive surgery combined with a psychoeducational intervention. Methods: The reconstructive surgery consisted of recovering the remaining clitoris and placing it externally and as close to the vagina as possible. FGM/C patients (n?=?27) received psychological support and sexual counseling upon undergoing the surgical intervention and were further assessed at 6-month follow-up. Moreover, they completed the Beck Depression Inventory and the Female Sexual Distress Scale Revised at these two time points. Patients’ sexual dysfunction was assessed according to DSM-5 criteria. Results: Statistically significant clinical changes after FGM/C were reported. Overall, patients presented reduced depression and sexual distress levels, and decreased female sexual interest/arousal disorder prevalence. Results also revealed that sexual distress improvements were more significant in Type I FGM/C patients. Conclusions: Significant improvements in sexual distress, psychopathology, and sexual function were observed in our sample following reconstructive surgery, suggesting that combined interventions are effective for treatment.     

歌德意大利之行与罗马新古典主义运动

歌德于1786年12月抵达罗马,参加了罗马的新古典主义运动。罗马的新古典主义是对古希腊罗马古典主义、意大利文艺复兴古典主义的一种重新认识。罗马的新古典主义者来自欧洲的许多国家,他们尝试结合时代精神对古典的人性作出新的解释,歌德的新古典主义观念强调了女性在提升道德方面的重要意义,对当时流行在新古典主义运动的男性英雄主义起到了缓解作用。     

Gender,Nation, Rape: Bosnia and the Construction of Security

The mass rapes in Bosnia brought gendered security problems onto the international agenda to an unprecedented extent. This article examines the debate surrounding whether these rapes should be characterized as a security problem which warranted international attention and possibly intervention. This debate evolved around the question whether wartime rape should be understood as an individual risk or a collective security problem;and whether it should be defined in national or in gendered terms. The empirical part of the article analyses the three dominant representations of the Bosnian mass rapes: 'rape as normal/Balkan warfare' argued that rape did not constitute a collective security problem and the international community had therefore no reason or responsibility to intervene; the "rape as exceptional/Serbian warfare" representation read the rapes through national lenses and argued that the international community should intervene militarily in defence of the Bosnian government; and the third representation, "Balkan patriarchy", claimed the privileged of a gendered reading of the rapes, the conflict in Bosnian should, according to this discourse, be understood as involving women on the one side and the patriarchal nationalistic leaderships on the other. The article concludes that the political impact of each of the representations is difficult to assess, but that the willingness of the International Crime Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia to pursue rape-related indictments constitutes an important step towards the recognition of wartime rape as a collective security problem.     

废除“嫖宿幼女罪”的研究综述

2008年至2012年在十一届全国人大和全国政协两会期间,多名代表先后提出废除嫖宿幼女罪的议案及提案,引起了社会的强烈反响,之后,该问题遂成为公众议论与关注的焦点,学术界也对之展开了热烈的探讨。为了推进对这一问题的深入研究,很有必要回顾嫖宿幼女罪出台的法律依据和历史背景,考察和分析嫖宿幼女罪的文献和课题研究及网上争论,以及嫖宿幼女罪在法律上存在的弊端,以促进法律体系的不断完善,保证女性在法律上的权利,更好地保护幼女的身心健康,全面促进社会和谐发展。     

"I Do" or Don't:

Although the health and social benefits of physical activity have been well documented, a majority of females at every life stage are insufficiently active to acquire those benefits. Explanations for this lack of commitment to physical activity have not been found. Marriage, as a social role and life circumstance, has been neglected as a possible explanation for the inactive lie patterns of women. This paper highlights the available scientific evidence on the relationships of marital status and spousal influence with the leisure-time physical activity of women throughout the lifespan. Research showed that women's leisure-time physical activity decreased upon marriage. The major factor in the maintenance of healthy levels of exercise for married women at all ages appeared to be a physically active and supportive spouse.     

The Labor Market Participation of Sandwich Generation Italian Women

We empirically analyzed the labor market participation of Italian women, with special emphasis on the role of intergenerational family links. Older relatives, on the one hand, discourage the work participation of women by requiring care; on the other hand they may provide household services favoring labor supply. We studied this dual impact estimating a trivariate probit model where the three choices to be in the labor force, to use informal help from older relatives and to care for them are jointly determined. Our estimates show that care duties towards members of the previous generation hinder the labor market participation of Italian women, and that informal help received from older relatives strongly increases their probability of being engaged in paid work.