中国财政收入与GDP之间关系的协整分析与误差修正模型研究

一、引言财政收入是政府部门的公共收入,是国民收入分配中用于保证政府行使其公共职能、实施公共政策以及提供公共服务的资金需求。国内生产总值是反映一个国家(地区)在一定时期内国民经济活动最终成果的总量指标。从生产的角度看,它是国民经济各部门新创造的增加值的总和;从使     

陕西省居民消费、投资与经济增长关系的协整研究

一、引言消费、投资与我国GDP之间的关系一直以来是宏观经济领域讨论的热点,学者们在这方面已经做出了很多有意义的分析和研究,他们普遍都认为消费和投资对我国的经济增长有促进作用,但是在消费、投资对我国GDP作用的大小以及它们之间的相互因果关系上面却存在着不同的观点。在     

沪港台三地股市波动的风险传导效应研究

由于受到地理位置、经济文化等因素的影响,沪港台股市在收益率波动上存在相关性。利用Granger因果检验和Chi-plot图检验两种方法分别对沪港台股市波动进行了实证研究。结果一致表明：沪台股市的收益率波动存在双向传导效应,沪港两市的收益波动仅存在显著的港市对沪市的单向“溢出效应”,而沪台两市传导效应相对较弱。但沪港台三市的收益波动均存在明显的“杠杆效应”。     

Miscommunicating Risk,Uncertainty, and Causation: Fine Particulate Air Pollution and Mortality Risk as an Example

A recent paper in this journal (Fann et al., 2012) estimated that “about 80,000 premature mortalities would be avoided by lowering PM_2.5 levels to 5 μg/m³ nationwide” and that 2005 levels of PM_2.5 cause about 130,000 premature mortalities per year among people over age 29, with a 95% confidence interval of 51,000 to 200,000 premature mortalities per year.⁽¹⁾ These conclusions depend entirely on misinterpreting statistical coefficients describing the association between PM_2.5 and mortality rates in selected studies and models as if they were known to be valid causal coefficients. But they are not, and both the expert opinions of EPA researchers and analysis of data suggest that a true value of zero for the PM_2.5 mortality causal coefficient is not excluded by available data. Presenting continuous confidence intervals that exclude the discrete possibility of zero misrepresents what is currently known (and not known) about the hypothesized causal relation between changes in PM_2.5 levels and changes in mortality rates, suggesting greater certainty about projected health benefits than is justified.     

Vector autoregression and causality: a theoretical overview and simulation study

This paper provides a theoretical overview of Wald tests for Granger causality in levels vector autoregressions (VAR's) and Johansen-type error correction models (ECM's). The theory is based on results in Toda and Phillips (1991a) and allows for stochastic and deterministic trends as well as arbitrary degrees of cointegration. We recommend some operational procedures for conducting Granger causality tests that are based on the Gaussian maximum likelihood estimation of ECM's. These procedures are applicable in the important practical case of testing the causal effects of one variable on another group of variables and vice versa. This paper also investigates the sampling properties of these testing procedures through simulation exercises. Three sequential causality tests in ECM's are compared with conventional causality tests in levels and differences VAR's.     

中国劳动就业与经济增长的实证分析

文章采用1978~2005年的数据并利用协整理论分析了我国劳动就业与经济增长之间的长期的、均衡的、稳定的关系,结果表明它们之间存在着协整关系,并进一步建立了误差修正模型。我们研究发现,一方面,长期而言,经济增长与就业存在显著的正相关关系;另一方面,在一定阶段里,由于生产要素密度发生变化,经济增长对劳动力的吸纳能力在下降。鉴于我国劳动力的比较优势,需要积极促进第三产业发展,以劳动密集型的第三产业吸纳更多劳动力,实现我国经济增长与扩大劳动就业的长期均衡。     

Nonparametric causal effects based on marginal structural models

A parametric marginal structural model (PMSM) approach to Causal Inference has been favored since the introduction of MSMs by Robins [1998a. Marginal structural models. In: 1997 Proceedings of the American Statistical Association. American Statistical Association, Alexandria, VA, pp. 1–10]. We propose an alternative, nonparametric MSM (NPMSM) approach that extends the definition of causal parameters of interest and causal effects. This approach is appealing in practice as it does not require correct specification of a parametric model but instead relies on a working model which can be willingly misspecified. We propose a methodology for longitudinal data to generate and estimate so-called NPMSM parameters describing so-called nonparametric causal effects and provide insight on how to interpret these parameters causally in practice. Results are illustrated with a point treatment simulation study. The proposed NPMSM approach to Causal Inference is compared to the more typical PMSM approach and we contribute to the general understanding of PMSM estimation by addressing the issue of PMSM misspecification.     

Between dollarization and exchange rate volatility: Nigeria's portfolio diversification option

This paper investigates the relationship between nominal exchange rate volatility and dollarization in Nigeria by applying Granger causality test for the period 1986 (1)–2003 (4). Previous theoretical and empirical studies on this issue provided conflicting results. The empirical results of Granger causality test support a bi-directional relationship. However, causality from dollarization to exchange rate volatility appears stronger and dominates. This suggests that policies that aim to reduce exchange rate volatility in Nigeria must include measures that specifically address the issue of dollarization. An important factor in this case is the supply of sufficient domestic currency assets that would permit portfolio diversification and capable of dousing negative expectations about future inflation in the country.     

What can Statistics Contribute to a Causal Understanding?

Abstract.  We discuss the concept of causality in a broad manner. The traditional attitude in statistics has been to shy away from the causality concept. In recent years, however, a more proactive attitude to the causality concept has developed among statisticians. On the one hand, there is the school of counterfactual causality directed towards forming a better basis for clinical trials and epidemiology. On the other hand, there is the mechanistic view of causality. These developments are discussed and set into a larger context, where the often ignored role of time is emphasized. An extension of path analysis to stochastic processes is briefly presented. Causality is furthermore discussed in relation to genetic studies and to the emerging field of systems biology. Statisticians should also relate to the philosophical content of causality, especially that found in the foundations of physics.     

基于VAR模型的金融危机传染效应检验方法与实证分析

随着国际经济一体化程度的提高,经济风险的波及效应也日益显著。20世纪90年代以来爆发的国际金融危机,通过金融市场体系对各国产生的传染效应便是典型的表现之一。本文运用VAR系统的方法,提出了通过分析危机前后各国市场波动性之间的因果关系的变化、以及被传染国家对危机发源国的冲击响应的变化,来检验金融危机传染效应的新方法。并运用此方法,实证分析了亚洲金融危机的传染效应。