Family violence: A microeconomic approach

A model of violence between adult family members is developed by integrating material from the sociological theories of family violence and social exchange, and the economic theories of crime and the family. Based on this model a decrease in the dictator's internal sanctions against violence would be expected to increase the amount of time allocated to violence by the dictator. Further, if the level of fines and other monetary costs imposed by external agencies (e.g., the courts) as a result of the family violence do not vary with the level of violence, then the model indicates that an increase in such monetary sanctions will cause a reduction in the amount of time the dictator allocates to violence. If both the dictator and victim are risk neutral, an increase in the probability of external intervention will decrease the time allocated to violence. In addition, it is found that increases in the opportunities available to the victim outside the marriage will tend to improve the well-being of the victim in the marriage even if it has no effect on the time allocated to violence by the dictator. The model also provides insights for empirical work in family violence such as (1) suggestions of relevant independent variables, (2) the specification of a functional form for estimation, and (3) the specification of an error structure for the empirical model.     

Checking adequacy of the semiparametric location shift model with censored data

The location shift model is commonly used to quantify the difference between groups in a two-arm study. Nonparametric inference procedures for the location shift parameter with censored observations have recently been extensively studied. However, the validity of these procedures depends heavily on the model assumption. In this article, a class of graphical and numerical methods are proposed for checking the adequacy of the location shift model. Our graphical procedures are much less subjective than the eye-ball method based on the standard Q-Q plot. The proposed methods are illustrated with real-life examples.     

A longitudinal study of some dimensions of socioeconomic development: Turkey 1948–77

Aspects of socioeconomic development in Turkey between 1948 and 1977 are studied through the use of obliquely rotated principal compenents. The results indicate that long-term developmental trends, which appear in the cross-sectional studies of Adelman and Morris, were slowed down by problems of sociopolitical integration during the sample period. In addition, the analysis shows that multivariate techniques such as compenent analysis can be used at the initial stages of theory construction in the field of socioeconomic development. The hypotheses developed via these methods are testable by others that use the deductive approach.     

宫泽贤治少年小说中的民间传承要素

宫泽贤治少年小说中的有关民间传说"桥"的情节模式、神秘的人物塑造、再现日本民间祭祀与民间舞蹈、歌谣的场景描写等无不体现出日本尤其是日本东北部的民间传承要素。究其渊源,主要是作者受成长环境的熏陶这一客观因素以及贤治自身敏感的天性、长期的农村实践感悟和独特的宇宙观等主观因素的影响。     

Econometric Applications of the Forward Search in Regression: Robustness,Diagnostics, and Graphics

The article illustrates the use of the forward search to provide robust analyses of econometric data. The emphasis is on informative plots that reveal the inferential importance of each observation. The division of observations into “good” and “bad” leverage points is shown to be potentially misleading.     

Parameter Estimation Through Weighted Least-Squares Rank Regression with Specific Reference to the Weibull and Gumbel Distributions

Probability plots are often used to estimate the parameters of distributions. Using large sample properties of the empirical distribution function and order statistics, weights to stabilize the variance in order to perform weighted least squares regression are derived. Weighted least squares regression is then applied to the estimation of the parameters of the Weibull, and the Gumbel distribution. The weights are independent of the parameters of the distributions considered. Monte Carlo simulation shows that the weighted least-squares estimators outperform the usual least-squares estimators totally, especially in small samples.     

Marshall–Olkin Extended Lomax Distribution and Its Application to Censored Data

The problem of making statistical inference about θ =P(X > Y) has been under great investigation in the literature using simple random sampling (SRS) data. This problem arises naturally in the area of reliability for a system with strength X and stress Y. In this study, we will consider making statistical inference about θ using ranked set sampling (RSS) data. Several estimators are proposed to estimate θ using RSS. The properties of these estimators are investigated and compared with known estimators based on simple random sample (SRS) data. The proposed estimators based on RSS dominate those based on SRS. A motivated example using real data set is given to illustrate the computation of the newly suggested estimators.     

On Graphing Paired Data

Techniques for graphing paired data are considered. A conventional method frequently used when reporting scientific results, particularly in medical journals, involves representing pairs of measurements by straight line segments titled at different angles related to the differences between the components of the data pairs. However when the sample size is only moderately large, this type of display can become cluttered and thus uninformative due to overlap. It is suggested that a new graph that combines features of ANOVA plots and multivalued dot charts may provide a more effective visual display of paired data. A designed experiment in data perception using simulated data provides some evidence in favor of this parallel line plot.     

张家山汉简所反映的适用刑罚原则

关于汉代适用刑罚的情况 ,史籍仅有零星的记载 ,张家山汉简《二年律令》、《奏谳书》所见则较系统地反映了汉初适用刑罚的若干原则 :以罪刑相应、维护特权为基础 ,实行故意从重、过失从轻、严惩团伙、重判再犯、从严治吏、宽宥老幼、自出减刑、立功赎罪、诬告反坐、故纵同罪、重科不孝等原则。罪刑相应、维护特权的原则具有鲜明的阶级性与可衡量性 ,其中既包含罪刑法定的因素 ,依法律条款定罪 ,注重犯罪动机、犯罪形态及危害结果 ,严格区分已遂与未遂 ;又存在收孥连坐、维护特权的规定 ,表明其罪刑相应只是相对、不彻底的。维护特权主要表现在贵族、官员、有爵者可在一定条件下减、免刑罚