Why Do(n't) they leave?: Motherhood and women's job mobility

Although the relationship between motherhood and women's labor market exits has received a great deal of popular and empirical attention in recent years, far less is known about the relationship between motherhood and women's job changes. In this paper, I use panel data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (1979) (NLSY79) and Cox regression models to examine how motherhood influences the types of job changes and employment exits women make and how this varies by racial-ethnic group. I find preschool-age children are largely immobilizing for white women, as they discourage these women from making the types of voluntary job changes that are often associated with wage growth. No such effects were found for Black or Hispanic women.     

Economic transition,school expansion and educational inequality in China, 1990–2000

This paper examines the trends in educational stratification during China's economic reforms in the 1990s. Based on the sample data of population censuses in 1990 and 2000, school-age children were matched to their parents’ background information, and the effects of family background on their school enrollment and continuation were investigated. Results show that despite the substantial expansion of educational opportunities in the decade, family background continues to play an important role in determining school enrollment status and school transitions. During the decade, children of rural-hukou status became more disadvantaged compared to their urban counterparts, and the effect of their father's socioeconomic status on school enrollment was enhanced. Despite the fact that children of rural-hukou status gained relatively more opportunities at junior high school level, as a result of nationwide saturation at the 9-year compulsory education, the rural–urban gap in the likelihood of transition to senior high school level enlarged, and the effect of their father's socioeconomic status increased—even after controlling for regional variations in economic development.     

民生指标区域不平等指数解析

发展和公平两者不可分离,不注重公平的发展必然偏离和谐的轨道。利用洛伦兹曲线和基尼系数的计算方法得出的民生指标不平等指数显示：中国的区域不平等问题在农村比在城市更为严重;社会保障的不平等和医疗保障的巨大差距远远超过收入的不平等。适当的政策组合可以促进从“不平等陷阱”向公平发展的良性循环转变。     

Group-based differences in intra-generational earnings mobility in Israel

High earnings inequality, by itself, is less of a problem if a society is characterized by high earnings mobility rates. Using the matched 1983–1995 census file created by the Israeli Central Bureau of Statistics, which includes data for individuals who were included in both the 1983 and 1995 demographic samples of the census, this study focuses on the differential mobility rates of the various gender–ethnic groups in the Israeli labor market, as well as on the determinants of upward earnings mobility. The findings indicate that rising inequality between the dominant and subordinate groups slows down the impact of high rates of earnings mobility in Israel. Specifically, native-born Ashkenazi men (the most advantaged group) have a firm hold on the high earnings positions. Furthermore, the data show that the earnings gap between Ashkenazi men and most other groups has increased over time. Although the other groups, particularly women, also experienced some upward mobility, this mobility took place across the lower quintiles, where earnings are low.     

Analytical proofs of classical inequalities between Spearman's and Kendall's

Short analytical proofs are given for classical inequalities due to Daniels [1950. Rank correlation and population models. J. Roy. Statist. Soc. Ser. B 12, 171–181; 1951. Note on Durbin and Stuart's formula for E(r_s). J. Roy. Statist. Soc. Ser. B 13, 310] and Durbin and Stuart [1951. Inversions and rank correlation coefficients. J. Roy. Statist. Soc. Ser. B 13, 303–309] relating Spearman's ρ and Kendall's τ.     

超网络初探

对近年来出现的超网络的理论和应用进行了述评。超网络乃是高于而又超于现存网络的网络,或者说是网络组成的网络,存在于物流网络、信息网络和资金网络等相交织的复杂系统之中。对复杂网络的特征和定义、已有的基于变分不等式与基于超图的超网络分析方法作了介绍,并对今后的发展与有待解决的问题进行了探讨。     

19世纪末20世纪初美国服装厂中的犹太移民女工境遇探析

19世纪末20世纪初,一大批东欧犹太女性进入美国。犹太女性移民大都因为生活贫困不得不进入就业市场,又因为传统文化和人际关系网络而主要进入美国工业化城市中的服装厂工作。这些犹太服装女工以年轻未婚女性为主,大都作为廉价劳动力分布在制衣生产线的基础性岗位上,面临职业升迁困难,工资处于低水平,以及遭遇性别歧视等困境。对于这样的工作境遇,她们一方面积极适应美国工厂的生产方式,同时也通过跳槽、参加工会和罢工等方式进行抗争,但大多数女性在婚后回归家庭,结束工厂职业生涯,选择以家庭为中心开展新的经济参与活动。     

城市医疗救助筹资与给付水平的地区不平等性

城市医疗救助试点自2005年初开始在全国范围内实施,其筹资与给付结构呈现很大的地区不平等性。第一,人均筹资水平的基尼系数高达0.881,处于极其不平等的状态,我国东部地区不平等程度最大;对于这一不平等,省际差异的贡献率为55.45%,省内各区县之间的差异贡献了38.35%。第二,人均给付水平总的基尼系数为0.652,也呈现极其不平等的状态,而东中西三大地区之间的差异对这一不平等状态的贡献较大。第三,对医疗救助人均筹资和人均给付水平的基尼系数的分解结果显示,省级和中央政府的转移支付没有产生拉平效应,未能对公共服务水平公平的实现发挥应有的作用。因此,健全医疗救助的公共财政体系是进一步努力的方向,其中最为关键的是实现转移支付的制度化。     

Ethnicity as skill: immigrant employment hierarchies in Norwegian low-wage labour markets

Immigrants are often concentrated in particular, often low-waged, segments of the labour market and employers tend to assume that immigrants posit (soft) skills which make them particularly suited for specific tasks. Less scholarly attention has been given to the real and perceived content of these skills and how employers may shift their view over time. We contribute to the literature by examining changing ethnic employment hierarchies in two immigrant-intensive labour markets in Norway. Drawing on qualitative data from the hotel and fish processing industries, we describe, first, how different ethnic groups are allocated into specific jobs forming a clear hierarchy in the eyes of employers, and, second, how employers’ preferences for particular groups change as new immigrants enter the labour market. Theoretically, we develop the concept of ‘ethnicity as skill’, which points to the tendency among employers to equate ethnic group membership with a set of informal qualifications.