Intertemporal consumer behaviour under structural changes in income

In this paper we analyze models of forward looking consumer behaviour and give empirical evidence for aggregate quarterly data for the Netherlands, 1967-1984. Special attention is devoted to the implications of unanticipated structural changes in the income process, which because of replanning, will have an impact on the consumption decision. We start with the life cycle hypothesis. Since the fall in aggregate consumption in the Netherlands in the eighties can not be explained by the life cycle model, the theory is reformulated by assuming that the planning horizon of the consumers moves ahead as time goes on. As a result, an error correction mechanism has to be introduced in the consumption function.The modified model is found to be in agreement with the data.     

基于旅游消费偏好的秦岭北麓观光农业园发展研究

本文选取秦岭北麓观光农业进仃实证研究，通过大量资料收集和野外考察，在分析其存在问题的基础上，从旅游者消费偏好的角度出发，运用spss和数据统计等方法分析了其目标客源市场对观光农业的资源特色偏好、园区类型偏好、住宿偏好、消费意愿等，从而得出秦岭北麓发展观光农业旅游具有良好前景的结论，并最终有针对性地提出一系列发展措施，为秦岭北麓观光农业园的发展提供了强有力的指导方向。     

Employment, family union and childbearing decisions in Great Britain

Summary.  The paper investigates the life-cycle relationship of work and family life in Britain based on the British Household Panel Survey. Using hazard regression techniques we estimate a five-equation model, which includes birth events, union formation, union dissolution, employment and non-employment events. We find that transitions in and out of employment for men are relatively independent of other transitions. In contrast, there are strong links between employment of females, having children and union formation. By undertaking a detailed microsimulations analysis, we show that different levels of labour force participation by females do not necessarily lead to large changes in fertility events. Changes in union formation and fertility events, in contrast, have larger effects on employment.     

文学隐性与消费社会中的“个性特征话语”

文章通过对消费社会中的部分文化特征进行分析,指出了目前文学存在的性质:文学的隐性。并对这种文学存在的形成和内涵进行了描述,指出随着消费社会文化范围的不断扩大,应该不断地对文学研究的对象进行新的界定。     

Marital disruption and economic well-being: a comparative analysis

Summary.  Though there is a considerable literature concerned with the economic consequences of marital breakdown, there is still substantial disagreement in terms of its magnitude. One of the major problems underlying this debate is how economic well-being is defined. We implement several measures of well-being of monetary and multidimensional nature by using data from the European Community Household Panel. Another issue in this literature concerns selection bias of divorcing couples. We tackle this issue by using a propensity score matching technique combined with a difference-in-differences estimator. Results confirm the importance of the definition of well-being. We find a strong gender bias when using monetary measures but a considerably lower bias, and for some countries non-existent, when using non-monetary indices.     

建构和谐:宋儒理想状态的家庭邻里关系

经过所谓的"唐宋变革"以后,宋代最基层的社会关系出现了巨大的变化.为了因应新的社会环境,宋朝士大夫逐渐形成了一套系统的"齐家"理念;同时,随着新的宗族体系的确立,还出现了各种形式的"乡约".这些"居家礼仪"等宋代读书人倡导的理想社会关系逐渐得到统治者的认同,并被付诸实践,成为宋代以后中国古代社会主流的基层社会组织形态,这是唐代以前门阀制度崩溃以后宋代重构基层权力网络的必然结果.     

Does the degree of relative risk aversion vary with household characteristics?

This study examines household risk taking, using Swedish cross-sectional data based on tax returns from more than 7000 households for 1985. In contrast to previous studies, this study recognizes that households compose different risky portfolios because of their varying characteristics. This study also recognizes real assets as investment goods and takes into account the gains from diversification that emerge when real assets and financial assets are combined. The estimated risk aversion was found to be very large but not systematically correlated with any of the included variables, with the exception of age. The estimated age coefficient suggests that risk aversion increases with age.     

Household Debt and Marital Instability: Evidence from the Korean Labor and Income Panel Study

Korean society has recently experienced rapid increases in household debt and divorce rates. This study investigates whether household debt and debt ratios lower marital stability and increase the probability of divorce among Korean families. Six-year panels from the Korean Labor and Income Panel Study (KLIPS) household surveys were used for analysis. The effect of household debt upon the probability of divorce was estimated through pooled and population-averaged Logit models. The results suggest that household financial strain measured by the amount of household debt and the debt-to-income ratios does not significantly affect the probability of divorce. This finding contradicts the widespread notion that households’ excessive borrowing has been partially responsible for the recent increase in divorce rates in Korea.

Household expenditure patterns and resource pooling: evidence of changes in post-apartheid South Africa

The primary aim of this paper is to examine whether resources accruing to different members of the household and from different sources have differential impacts on household expenditure patterns. The issue is of considerable policy interest for, if the identity of the income recipient does matter in the household’s expenditure decisions, then it indicates the usefulness of targeting income assistance at particular members of the household. The South African evidence is generally supportive of the hypothesis of resource pooling by the income earners in their spending decisions on food, clothing and energy. The results of this paper have been placed in the wider context of social, political and economic developments following the end of apartheid that have caused significant changes in the nature of resource inflow and in the balance of power in decision making within the South African household. The results are indicative of improvements in the standard of living of the majority of South Africans following the end of apartheid.

Valuing housework time from willingness to spend time and money for environmental quality improvements

We develop a new approach to assessing the value of home production time based on willingness to spend time and money to obtain environmental improvements. When peoples’ choice is constrained by time as well as money, measures of willingness to pay can be defined with respect to either numeraire. In a model that explicitly allows for multiple shadow values of time, we show that the willingness to pay time and money measures are linked through the value of saving time. With survey information on peoples’ willingness to spend additional time on housework activities, as well as pay money, to obtain environmental quality improvements, joint estimation within a utility-consistent structure produces estimates of both willingness to pay and the value of saving housework time. From the value of saving housework time, the marginal value of housework time can be readily identified. When applied to Korean households’ valuation of water quality improvements in the Man Kyoung River, we find that the value of housework time is 70–80% of the market wage.