坚持辩证唯物主义反对唯心主义

当代中国马克思主义哲学同形形色色唯心主义的斗争是在某些人公开否认马克思主义哲学的条件下,通过对意识形态阵地的占领与反占领、指导与反指导这样新的形式表现出来.譬如"物吾两忘论",否认主体与客体的对立统一关系,否认马克思主义哲学是认识世界和改造世界的认识论和方法论的知识体系;"三分说"否认理论联系实际的基本原则;"主宰和支配客观规律说"片面夸大人的主观能动作用;"当代中国哲学自觉走向人学论"企图用人学来取代马克思主义哲学在当代中国的指导地位.对于这样一些倾向和思潮,我们必须坚决予以批驳和反对,以巩固和捍卫马克思主义哲学阵地.     

Welfare generosity, pregnancies and abortions among unmarried AFDC recipients

Even before the 1996 overhaul of the U.S. welfare system, a number of states had ended the practice of paying extra benefits to families who have additional children while receiving welfare. Proponents believe that this reform can reduce births to recipients, however many worry that it may encourage women to obtain abortions. Using a sample of unmarried AFDC recipients from the NLSY, we estimate a bivariate probit model of pregnancy and, conditional on becoming pregnant, the probability of abortion. Our results lend some support for the proposition that reducing incremental AFDC benefits will decrease pregnancies without increasing abortions. Received: 16 April 1998/Accepted: 11 March 1999     

Birth order effects on young students’ academic achievement

We examine birth order effects on academic achievement for ten-year-old students using data for the entire population of fifth graders in Norway 2007/2008. The analysis thus adds to a thin empirical literature focusing on birth order effects among young children. We find that being firstborn confers a significant advantage in families with two, three and four children. The analysis makes two other contributions. First, we provide evidence that unless mother's age at childbirth is included among the control variables, only small and imprecise birth order effects are revealed in families with low socioeconomic status. Second, we provide some evidence that the birth order effects differ across families with highly educated and less educated mothers, which lend support to the resource dilution model over the confluence model.     

Are people in the South less intelligent than in the North? IQ and the North–South disparity in Italy

Socioeconomic disparity between North and South Italy has been recently explained by Lynn (2010) as the result of a lower intelligence quotient (IQ) of the Southern population. The present article discusses the procedure followed by Lynn, supplementing his data with new information on school assessments and per head regional income. Genetic North–South differences are then discussed on the basis of the most recent literature on the subject. The results do not confirm the suggested IQ-economy causal link.     

天下第一绝句《静夜思》——兼谈"床前明月光"何以后来居上

李白的《静夜思》是当代中国知名度最高、普及度最广的小诗,堪称天下第一绝句。诗中物象的亲切性、音韵的和美性、思维的单线性、空间的可变性、时间的永恒性、身心的依存性,组成了一个独一无二的魅力系统。但是,《静夜思》在整个唐代并未受到评论家和诗选家们的青睐。而且"床前明月光"和"举头望明月"两句,也是明代人从李白原句"床前看月光"和"举头望山月"改动而成的。"明月……明月……故乡",不仅大大增强了宇宙间的空明感,强劲延续了望月思乡的诗歌传统,而且大大凸显了明代文人群体的"大明"意识。尤其是明末清初的民族情绪,更使得这两个"明"字别具意味。因为在古典诗文中,"故乡"与"故国"同义。从明清两代开始,中国读者用集体的智慧,小小修改了李白的《静夜思》,大大强化了"作品的绝对独特性",又用集体的热情,一代代人亿万次地持续诵读。时至今日,终于在千淘万汰之后,将"床前明月光……"托上了民族记忆的珠穆朗玛峰。透视一首默默无闻的唐诗演变为天下第一绝句的特殊历程,后人可以在文学创作、作品改编、接受研究等方面获得多向度的启迪。     

评汤亭亭力作《中国佬》

1980年,当代华裔美国文学的领军人物汤亭亭发表了其三部曲的第二部《中国佬》。该书力求重塑华裔美国文学传统、改变美国“主流”社会对美籍华人的刻板形象,争得华裔美国人的历史阐释权。在《中国佬》中作家巧妙地改编中国经典著作、挪用并解构西方文化典律,从而使华裔美国文学以其独特的魅力活跃在当代美国文坛。     

从尘埃里开出花来——论张爱玲小说中的“居室经验”

以文本细读为研究方法,分析了张爱玲小说中具有古旧风韵的“居室经验”,指出其“居室经验”具体体现为败落的家庭生活场景、旧势家族的“礼仪道德”以及冰冷的人情感受,所以,“居室经验”是张爱玲小说中最有意味的部分,也是其民间姿态的一种坚守方式。     

Phase I trial design for drug combinations with Bayesian model averaging

Various statistical models have been proposed for two‐dimensional dose finding in drug‐combination trials. However, it is often a dilemma to decide which model to use when conducting a particular drug‐combination trial. We make a comprehensive comparison of four dose‐finding methods, and for fairness, we apply the same dose‐finding algorithm under the four model structures. Through extensive simulation studies, we compare the operating characteristics of these methods in various practical scenarios. The results show that different models may lead to different design properties and that no single model performs uniformly better in all scenarios. As a result, we propose using Bayesian model averaging to overcome the arbitrariness of the model specification and enhance the robustness of the design. We assign a discrete probability mass to each model as the prior model probability and then estimate the toxicity probabilities of combined doses in the Bayesian model averaging framework. During the trial, we adaptively allocated each new cohort of patients to the most appropriate dose combination by comparing the posterior estimates of the toxicity probabilities with the prespecified toxicity target. The simulation results demonstrate that the Bayesian model averaging approach is robust under various scenarios. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

To adjust or not to adjust for baseline when analyzing repeated binary responses? The case of complete data when treatment comparison at study end is of interest

The benefits of adjusting for baseline covariates are not as straightforward with repeated binary responses as with continuous response variables. Therefore, in this study, we compared different methods for analyzing repeated binary data through simulations when the outcome at the study endpoint is of interest. Methods compared included chi‐square, Fisher's exact test, covariate adjusted/unadjusted logistic regression (Adj.logit/Unadj.logit), covariate adjusted/unadjusted generalized estimating equations (Adj.GEE/Unadj.GEE), covariate adjusted/unadjusted generalized linear mixed model (Adj.GLMM/Unadj.GLMM). All these methods preserved the type I error close to the nominal level. Covariate adjusted methods improved power compared with the unadjusted methods because of the increased treatment effect estimates, especially when the correlation between the baseline and outcome was strong, even though there was an apparent increase in standard errors. Results of the Chi‐squared test were identical to those for the unadjusted logistic regression. Fisher's exact test was the most conservative test regarding the type I error rate and also with the lowest power. Without missing data, there was no gain in using a repeated measures approach over a simple logistic regression at the final time point. Analysis of results from five phase III diabetes trials of the same compound was consistent with the simulation findings. Therefore, covariate adjusted analysis is recommended for repeated binary data when the study endpoint is of interest. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Does Formal Education for Older Workers Increase Earnings? — Evidence Based on Rich Data and Long‐term Follow‐up

Governments in Europe, Canada and the USA have expressed an ambition to stimulate education of older. In this paper, we analyse if there are effects on annual earnings of formal education for participants aged 42–55 at the time of enrolment in 1994–95. The analysis explores longitudinal population register data stretching from 1982 to 2007. The method used is difference‐in‐differences propensity score matching based on a rich set of covariates, including indicators of health and labor market marginalization. Our findings underline the importance of long follow up periods and imply positive effects for women, especially so for women with children, and no significant average earnings effects for men. These results differ from earlier studies but are stable to several alternative assumptions regarding unobservable characteristics. Data further indicate that the gender gap in our estimates may stem from differences in underlying reasons for enrolment.