Protectionism: Old wine in new bottles

This paper addresses some new types of arguments that have recently arisen in defense of protectionism in developing and developing countries. The new sources of protectionism in developing countries discussed are: (1) recession-debt-crisis costs; (2) protection in the world economy; (3) wages and labor markets; (4) political requirements. The new arguments for protectionism in developed countries discussed are: (1) shift to the service economy; (2) defense; (3) threat of protection to induce foreign investment.     

Social policy planning in a federal structure: A social learning strategy

Current social welfare policy planning reflects an inadequate sense of the problems to be solved and an incentive structure which discourages responsible decision making. Proceeding from overly simple cause and effect models, social welfare policies are designed with detailed administrative regulations to insure uniformity and regularity of behavior across the states. When problems are not solved, policy makers focus on the failures of personnel to follow all the detailed regulations. This leads to additional efforts to enforce compliance. There is evidence that implementation personnel consistently and purposively do stretch or ignore regulations in order to service clients. An alternative to further detailed regulations then is to use the autonomy of state units in the federal structure by eliminating negative incentives to innovation and creating incentives to experiment with alternative programs. As a social learning strategy this would encourage innovation and make it possible to learn from the experience of personnel who daily confront the realities of welfare problems and the large array of administrative details.     

Inpatient psychiatric treatment of the difficult child: Common practices and their ethical implications

This article reviews and discusses the available research literature pertaining to the prevalence of seclusion and restraint procedures in inpatient psychiatric treatment facilities for children and adolescence. The rationales for use, potential effects, and factors found to influence the application of these more extreme clinical interventions are considered. The author suggests that the supposed therapeutic function of these types of practices has not been substantiated and their implementation can vary widely from one setting to another. Results from several studies suggest that clearly defined criteria for use and more observational studies of prevalence and precipitant factors could considerably refine these procedures and reduce potential abuses. The psychopharmacologic approach to the treatment of difficult children is examined as a sophisticated counteraggression strategy which has yet to demonstrate therapeutic efficacy. These clinical procedures, which are utilized in scores of inpatient settings, generate serious ethical questions for the health professional concerned with the legal rights of those minors labeled as deviant members of families or the society at large.     

国际物流系统运作研究

国际物流的发展与经济全球化密切相关。国际物流跨越不同国家和地区,与国内物流相比,具有特殊性。国际物流系统一端联结着生产,另一端联结着消费,是一个复杂开放的运作系统。国际物流系统运作要对国际物流进行系统整合、系统分析和系统管理。国际物流中心是国际物流系统运作的集中区,发挥着集散、控制和协调等核心作用。     

遴选高级人才的首要工具——评价中心

本文针对我国人力资源开发迫切需要与国际接轨的现状,较全面地介绍了国际上流行的人才测评手段——评价中心的含义、内容、作用、有效性、历史渊源以及实施步骤,并详细分析了评价中心的优势与劣势,提出了应大力倡导与推广评价中心的观点。     

A critique of social indicators analysis and key informants surveys as needs assessment methods

This paper reports data from a pilot study designed to determine the practicality and utility of two differing needs assessment methodologies: social indicators analysis and key informants surveys. The authors found social indicators analysis successfully identified differential areas of need within the SMSA which served as the research site. They suggest it is a practical and valid means for assessing human service needs at a general level. The key informants survey was judged to be less useful. Informants generally were unable to identify the extent of differing types of needs or their geographic distribution. It is suggested additional research utilizing differing designs must be completed before meaningful conclusions can be reached about the utility of the key informants survey as a needs assessment method.     

Standard setting: the crucial issues. A case study of accounting & auditing

A study of standard-setting efforts in accounting and auditing is reported. The study reveals four major areas of concern in a professional standard-setting effort: (1) issues related to the rationale for setting standards, (2) issues related to the standard-setting board and its support structure, (3) issues related to the content of standards and rules for generating them, and (4) issues that deal with how standards are put to use. Principles derived from the study of accounting and auditing are provided to illuminate and assess standard-setting efforts in evaluation.     

文明的汇聚与传播——古代世界文明之交流

人类的交往的过程也是不同的文化汇聚、升华的过程。西部亚洲、中部亚洲在东方与西方文化交流事业中一直扮演着"桥梁"的角色。这些"桥梁"不仅传送东方文明到西方,而且也传送西方文明到东方;同时,"桥梁"自身独特的文化对东西方文明也产生了很大的影响。就是属于"桥梁"本身的各文明之间也是互动的,从而产生了独特而灿烂的各种文化——苏美尔文化、巴比伦文化、波斯文化、希腊化文化、阿拉伯文化,等等。这说明,任何一种文明都不能封闭自守,一种文明要想永葆青春,必须积极吸收各种外来文明。如果一定要讲究文化的"纯正性",那么反而会因世世代代近亲交配而有退化淘汰之虞。今日世界在急剧地缩小,人类各文明之间的不断交往,已势必将汇合为一个共同的人类文明。     

浅谈国际标准书号ISBN与正规出版物

ISBN是“国际标准书号”之意，它是因图书出版、管理的需要，并便于国际间出版品的交流与统计所发展的一套国际统一的编号制度，ISSN是“国际标准连续出版物号”，简称ISBN。是国际标准号的另一个部分。我国现在采用的是13位ISBN编码，说明我国加入WTO后，已经适应了国际竞争规则。     

北京市中心商务区内部结构分析

北京市中心商务区内部结构分析的目的一是尝试从理论上划分硬核与核缘,根据实地调查结合前人研究成果,北京中心商务区硬核的范围大体围绕国贸桥,向东至大望桥,向北至朝阳门桥,向西至建国门桥,向南至北京站东街以北及通惠河北岸,呈椭圆形,重心向北、向西偏移,而围绕在其外的部分则为中心商务区的核缘;二是分析内部结构特征,从平面利用看住宅是数量最多的类别,且住宅楼宇和办公楼宇分布不相一致.从垂直利用看与西方城市基本一致,即批发零售占底层,办公住宅占据中高层.通过分析提出针对中心商务区发展的建议,即为生产性服务业的空间集聚创造区位条件、扩展范围增强硬核、强化区内综合商务功能.